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APES Test 6
Ecosystems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| this prefix means between | inter |
| this prefix means within | intra |
| this consists of organisms that resemble each other, are similar in genetic makeup, chemistry, and behavior, and that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring | species |
| this consists of organisms of the same species that interact with each other and occupy a specific area | population |
| this consists of populations of different species living and interacting within an area | communities |
| this is a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment | ecosystem |
| what is the order of organism interactions from smallest to biggest, beginning at organisms | organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere |
| three ways members of a population can be dispersed | clumped, random, or uniform |
| this is when some areas within a habitat are dense with organisms, while other areas contain few members | clumped |
| this is when little interaction between members of the population leading to random spacing patterns in population dispersment | random |
| this is fairly uniform spacing between individuals | uniform |
| this is a particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism and includes the function of that organism within an ecological community | ecological niche |
| what type of species lives in broad niches and are able to withstand a wide range of environmental conditions | generalist species |
| what type of species lives in narrow niches and are sensitive to environmental changes and are more prone to extinction | specialist species |
| what are the seven interactions among species? | amensalism, commensalism, competition, mutualism, parasitism, predation, and saprotrophism |
| the interaction between two species where one species suffers and the other is not affected; occurs when one organism releases a chemical compound that is detrimental to another organism | amensalism |
| the interaction between two species where one benefits and other is not affected; forms include phoresy, inquillinism, and metabiosis | commensalism |
| this form of commensalism is using another organism for transportation like mites on dung beetle | phoresy |
| this form of commensalism is using another organism for housing like birds living in holes of trees | inquillinism |
| this form of commensalism is using something that another organism created like hermit crabs using the shell of marine snails for protection | metabiosis |
| the interaction is the driving force of evolution whether it is for food, mating partners, or territory | competition |
| this is competition between members of the same species | intraspecific |
| this is competition between members of different species | interspecific |
| three different types of competition | interference, exploitation, and apparent |
| this form of competition occurs directly between individuals by interfering with foraging, survival, or reproduction or by preventing a species to establish itself within a habitat | interference |
| this form of competition occurs indirectly through a common limiting resource that acts as an intermediate; by using the resource is depletes the amount available to others | exploitation |
| this form of competition occurs indirectly between two species, which are both sought after by the same predator | apparent |
| the interaction between two species where both benefit | mutualism |
| this is a lifelong positive interaction that involves close physical and/or biochemical contact | symbiosis |
| the interaction between two species where one species is benefited at the expense of the other | parasitism |
| this is if a parasite lives on a host and has elaborate mechanisms and strategies for acquiring a host | ectoparasite (mosquito) |
| this is if the parasite lives within the host and acquries its hosts by passive mechanisms such as ingestion of egg cells | endoparasite (tapeworm) |
| these feed on other parasites | epiparasite |
| these parasites must keep their hosts alive and represent a successful mode of life | biotrophic parasites |
| these are parasites that eventually kill their host | necrotrophs |
| these parasites involve behaviors that benefit the parasite and harm the host | social parasites |
| these obtain their nutrients from dead or decaying plans or animals through absorption of soluble organic compounds | sapotrophs |
| this is a species whose very presence contributes to a diversity of life and whose extinction would lead to the extinction of other forms of life | keystone species |
| four specific examples of keystone species | grizzly bear, sea stars, sea otters in kelp forests, and prairie dogs |
| how are grizzly bears keystone species? | they capture salmon from rivers, transport them to dry land, leave nutrient-rich feces and carcasses and therefore transfer nutrients from ocean to forests |
| how are sea stars keystone species? | they prey on sea urchins, mussels, and other shellfish have no other natural predators |
| how are sea otters keystone species? | they prey on sea urchins that would otherwise destroy kelp forests by foraging on kelp roots |
| how are prairie dogs keystone species? | the provide a unique ecological sanctuary for other animals, they regulate plant speicies diversity and enrich the soil, burrowing aerates and mixes organic material into soil, alters soil structure and chemistry |
| features of aquatic organisms | no need for support structures, do not spend energy on temperature regulation or searching for food, and have evolved methods of not being swept away by waves |
| features of desert plants | store water, have small surface area exposed to sunlight, have vertical orientation, have waxy leaves to minimize transpiration, have deep roots to tap groundwater, and have shallow roots to collect water after short rainfalls |
| features of desert animals | small and have small surface areas, spend time in underground burrows, often nocturnal, |
| features of grassland organisms | drought resistant, shed leaves furing dry season to conserve water, animals eat vegetation at different heights to not compete, migrate to find water, |
| features of tropics organisms | animals live in tree canopies where shelter and food supplies are abundant, epiphytes live on trunks and branches of trees and catch organic matter falling from the canopy, |
| features of temperate deciduous forests | broadleaf trees lose their leaves in winter and become dormant to conserve water and energy, deciduous trees shift from photosynthesis system to utilizing glucose and amino acids during winter |
| features of evergreen coniferous forests | small, waxy coated needles are able to withstand cold and drought of winter, have low surface area to reduce transpiration, replacing their needles constantly, needles make soil acidic to prevent species from surviving in the soil environment |
| features of temperate scrub forest land organisms | small leaves to reduce transpiration, vegetation dormant during dry season, leaves dont fall during dry season, plant thorns for protection, adapted to fires and is common due to high oil content in brush (reduces competition) |
| features of tundra plants | adapted to low sunlight, low amounts of free water, high winds, and low temperatures, grow during summer months, have waxy outer coatings |
| features of tundra animals | extra layers of fat, chemicals in blood to keep it from freezing, compact bodies to conserve heat, thick skin, thick fur, and waterproof feathers, and migrate during cold months or live underground |
| this refers to how the local environment changes alongs some type of boundary or edge | edge effect |
| what is the result of two different conditions influencing the plants and animals that live on the edge | edge effect |
| animals that are able to survive well in a forest edge since they can find food in the clearings, benefit due to habitats near one another, and are able to hide in nearby trees | edge species |
| If the edge effect is gradual or has indistinct boundaries and over which many species cross | open community |
| a community that is sharply divided from its neighbors | closed community |
| a major regional or global biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and prevailing climate | biomes |
| what are the most important determinants of a biome | temperature and precipitation |
| this biome is the area surrounding the south pole | antarctic |
| this biome is at bottom of oceans; no sunlight and no plant life | benthos (hadal) |
| this biome includes estuaries, wetlands, and coral reefs; high diversity | coastal zones |
| this biome has warm, clear, shallow ocean habitats near land and generally in the tropics | coral reefs |
| three types of coral reefs | fringing reefs, coral atolls, and barrier reefs |
| this type of coral reef is parallel to shorelines but farther from the shore | barrier reefs |
| this type of coral reef grows on continental shelves near the coastline | fringing reefs |
| this type of coral reef are rings of coral that grow on top of sunken oceanic volcanoes | coral atolls |
| this biome generally occurs in the interior of continents and rainfall less that 20 inches; soil has abundant nutrients but lack organic matter and consist of sand and boulders | deserts |
| this biome includes freshwater swamps, marshes, bogs, prairie potholes, ponds, and riparian areas; ground is saturated with water and soil is low in oxygen; important breeding areas; easily polluted; abundant animal life; | freshwater wetlands |
| areas near rivers and streams | riparian areas |
| this type of lake is clear and low in nutrients, which results in small amount of plant life and other forms of biomass | oligotrophic lakes |
| this type of lake is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus with large and diverse populations of plankton, which supports a large diversity of fish | eutrophic lakes |
| these lakes are excessively enriched with nutrients and subject to algal blooms; they result from human activities such as heavy use of fertilizers | hypertrophic lakes |
| this biome is in areas too dry for forests and too wet for deserts; rainfall in seasonal and temperature is moderate; few trees and shrubs due to frequent seasonal fires and water availability; soil rich in organic matter; used by humans for agriculture | grasslands |
| this biome occurs in deep oceans where hot-water vents rich in sulfur compounds are found | hydrothermal vents |
| this biome is the area of the shoreline exposed to water during high tide and air during low tide; rich in biodiversity; sensitive and susceptible to pollution from land runoff and ocean pollution | intertidal |
| this biome is an area of low diversity and low productivity except near the shoreline; low in nitrogen and phosphorus, limited plant growth | ocean |
| this biome is warm year round; scattered trees; extended dry season followed by rainy season; trees shed leaves during dry season; food is limited during dry season and animals migrate; soil rich in nutrients | savannas |
| this biome has forests of cold climates of high altitudes and latitudes; more precipitation than tundra; soils poor in nutrients because of leaching; acidic soil due to needles; deep layer of litter on surface; low biodiversity | taiga (coniferous or boreal forests) |
| two types of taiga | open woodland and dense forest |
| this biome are forests in milder temperatures than taiga; small amount of litter on surface; greatly exploited by humans for agriculture, lumber, and urban development; soil is poor in nutrients; | temperate deciduous forests |
| this biome has moderate temperatures and rainfall; low biodiversity and major source for timber | temperate rain forests |
| this biome has hot dry summers with mild, cool, and rainy winters; rain falls during winter; dense shrub growth; few large mammals; erosion is common after fires | temperate shrubland (chaparral) |
| this bioime is drier climate than deciduous forests; dominated by small trees; fires are common | temperate woodlands |
| this biome has high and constant temperature; lots of rainfall; high diversity for plants and animals; dense vegetation; soil low in nutrients; soil is acidic; leaching is high | tropical rain forests |
| this biome occurs in areas of seasonal rainfall that is followed by long, dry season; warm temperature year ruond | tropical seasonal forest |
| this biome is in mountainous areas; frozen, treeless plains; low rainfall and low average temperatures with poor drainage due to frozen ground | tundra |
| the ultimate source of energy is _______ | the sun |
| this chemical process uses light energy to produce carbohydrates and other organic compounds | photosynthesis |
| plant captures light through this green pigment | chlorophyll |
| chlorophyll is contained in organelles called | chloroplasts |
| organisms that undergo photosynthsis are called this | photoautotrophs |
| factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis include | amount of light, carbon dioxide concentration, availability of water, and temperature |
| organisms dependant on photosynthetic organisms are called this | heterotrophs |
| what is the opposite of photosynthesis? | cellular respiration |
| what kind of producers are plants? | primary producers |
| what are heterotrophs that get their energy by consuming primary producers? | primary consumers |
| six defense mechanisms primary consumers use against predation | speed, flight, quills, tough hides, camouflage, and horns and antlers |
| this law states that as one moves up an energy pyramid, you lose potential energy in the form of heat energy | second law of thermodynamics |
| ways that energy is lost in energy conversions | cellular respiration, energy needed for temperature regulation, energy used by predators to obtain food or for reproduction, energy released through the decay of waste products |
| what percent of energy entering one level passes to the next? | 10% |
| what is different about detritus energy pyramids? | the size of the organisms is smaller and organisms exist in environments rich in nutrients so energy is not needed to obtain food |
| three levels biodiversity describes diversity | genetic, specific, and ecosystem |
| this type of diversity involves the range of all genetic traits that makes up the gene pool for a particular species | genetic diversity |
| this type of diversity is the number of different species that inhabit a specific area | species diversity |
| this type of diversity concerns the range of habitats that can be found in a defined area | ecosystem diversity |
| this is the mechanism of how organisms evolve | natural selection |
| this works on individual level by determing which organisms have adaptations that allow them to survive, reproduce, and be able to pass on those adaptations to their offspring | natural selection |
| this works on species level by describing how the species attain the genetic adaptations that allow them to survive in a changing environment | evolution |
| this range withing a specie's gene pool determines whether or not the speices, not the individual, has the capacity to adapt and survive to changes in the environment | genetic variation |
| what does "fittest" mean? | the ability to reproduce and pass on genes to offspring |
| three ways that natural selection operates | stabilizing, directional, and disruptive |
| this natural selection affects the extremes of a population and is the most common form of natural selectoin; individuals that deviate too far from the average conditions are removed | stabilizing selection |
| this form of natural selection affects the extremes of a population; individuals towards on end of the distribution may do especially well, resulting in a frequency distribution toward this advantage in future generations | directional selection |
| this form of natural selection acts against individuals that have the average condition and favors individuals at the extreme ends | disruptive selection |
| five ways natural selection can occur | competition, disproportionate increase in adaptation, exponential increase in population, individual variations; and limited resources |
| when genes at more than one locus contribute to the same trait, this results | polygenic effect |
| this occurs in plants when the entire set of chromosomes is multiplied | polyploidy |
| this is when species arise within the same, overlapping geographic range | sympatric speciation |
| this is when chromosomes from two different species are artifically combined to form a new species | hybridization |
| the change in the genetic composition of a population during succesive generations as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals and resulting in the development of new species | evolution |
| this results when segments of population of one species become so isolated that gene flow stops | speciation |
| this describes rapid speciation to fill ecological niches and is driven by either mutation or natural selection | adaptive radiation |
| three basic types of adaptive radiation | general adaptation, environmental change, and geographic isolation |
| this type of adaptive radiation is when a species develops a radical new ability to reach new parts of its environment; when a bird learns to fly | general adaptation |
| this form of adaptive radiation is when a species that can successfully survive in a radically changed environment and branch into new species that covers the new niche; spread of mammals after dinosaur extinction | environmental change |
| this form of adaptive radiation is when isolated ecosystems can be colonized by a species that upon establishing itself undergoes rapid divergent evolution | geographic isolation |
| this describes the process where organisms not closely related to each other independantly acquire similar characteristics while evolving in separate and sometimes varying ecosystems (birds all fly) | convergent evolution |
| this occurs when independent species acquire similar characteristics through their evolution in similar ecosystems but not at the same time (dorsal fins in sharks and dinosaurs) | evolutionary relay |
| this occurs when two independant species evolve together at the same time and in the same ecosystem and acquire similar characteristics | parallel evolution |
| this view evolution as a slow, stepwise development of a species over long periods of time | gradualism |
| this proposes that some species arose suddenly in a short period of time after long periods of stability | punctuated equilibrium |
| these are the processes by which the environment produces resources | ecosystem services |
| ecosystems provide the following services | moderate weather, cycle and move nutrients, mitigate droughts and floods, disperse seeds, control agriculture pests, purify air and water, maintain biodiversity, detoxify and decompose wastes, and pollinate crops and natural vegetation |
| reasons why an ecosystem can change | climate shifts, species movement, and ecological succession |
| materials that are evidence for changes in the climate | tree rings, fossilized plants, insect and pollen samples, gas bubbles trapped in glaciers, deep ice core samples, lake sediments, stalactites and stalagmites, marine fossils in coral analysis, dust analysis |
| different factors that influence the climate | albedo, carbon cycle, greenhouse effect, landmass distribution, plate tectonics and volcanoes, precession, and solar output |
| what is albedo? | reflectivity |
| two different processes consume carbon dioxide | carbonate rock weathering and silicate rock weathering |
| most important greenhouse gases | water, carbon dioxide, and methane |
| this is the wobble of Earth on its axis and changes in the orientation of Earth in space | precession |
| this is the age where large glacial ice sheets covered much of North America, Asia, and Europe | pleistocene ice age |
| during this time, warming occurred; many of Earth's great ancient civilization began to flourish around this time | Climatic Optimum |
| during this warm period, the Vikings established Greenland and Iceland; records of floods, droughts, and extreme season climate fluctuations too | little Climatic Optimum |
| this is the time when global temepratures were at their coldest since the beginning of time | little ice age |
| this movement consists of walking, running, flying, or swimming | active movement |
| this movement is when organisms use some external force to cause transit | passive movement |
| geographic ranges of organisms shift and change due to two contrasting processes. what are they? | colonization and establishment; localized extinction |
| this takes place when populations expand into new areas | colonization and establishment |
| this results in the elimination of populations from all or part of their former range | localized extinction |
| plants have developed many different mechanisms for dispersing their offspring including | specialized structures to aid transport by wind or moving water, production of fruit-encased seeds that are consumed and dispersed, adhesion mechanisms, and physical ejection of seeds |
| this is the gradual and orderly process of ecosystem development brought about by changes in community composition and production of a climax community characterist of a particular geographic region | succession |
| rates of succession are affected by these three factors | facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance |
| this is when one species modifies an environment to the extent it meets the need of another species | facilitation |
| this is when one species modifies the environment to an extent that it is not suitable for another species | inhibition |
| this is when species are not affected by the presence of other species | tolerance |
| Name five types of succession | allogenic, primary, progressive, retrogressive, and secondary |
| this type of succession is when changes in the environmental conditions create conditions beneficial to new plant communities | allogenic |
| this type of succession is when the colonization and establishment of pioneer species on bare ground | primary |
| this type of succession is when communities become more complex over time by having a higher species diversity and greater biomass | progressive |
| this type of succession is when the environment deteriorates and results in less biodiversity and less biomass | retrogressive |
| this type of succession begins in an area where the natural community has been disturbed but topsoil remains | secondary |
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