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APES Test 3
Impacts on the Environment and Human Health
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| comparing of risk of a situation to its related benefits | environmental risk analysis |
| four classes of risk | High risk, low risk, very low risk, mixed risk |
| this class of risk includes smoking or driving while intoxicated | high risk |
| this class of risk includes infrequent events that may have a large consequence, like an earthquake | low risk |
| this class of risk includes events that have never occured in recorded history, such as major meteor striking the continent | very low risk |
| this class of risk includes outcomes that increase in frequency against a background of occurences, such as additional cases of cancer beyond normal | mixed risk |
| three types of preferences for how people accept risks | revealed, expressed, and natural standards |
| this type of preference are observations on the risks people actually take | revealed preferences |
| this type of preference are often measured through public opinion polls | expressed preferences |
| this type of preference are levels of risk humans have lived with in the past | natural standards |
| three problems of risk analysis | 1. lack of information leads to uncertainty and default option 2. complexity of info often leads to confusion 3. failure to interpret uncertainty and complexity occurs in meaningful ways |
| two sections of risk analysis | risk assessment and risk management |
| this is an objective estimation of risk; identification of hazards, dose-response assessment, etc. | risk assessment |
| this is the process of determining what to do about risk | risk management |
| four different risk management strategies | market-based, hierarchial, sectarian, and rational |
| this risk management method relies on market forces to provide indirect controls, usually response from industry | market-based method |
| this risk management method relies on explicit controls and top-down management styles; usually the response from lawmakers | hierarchical method |
| this risk management method relies on emotions; usually response from citizens | sectarian method |
| this risk management method relies on logic and facts in decision making; usually response from researchers | rational method |
| these health effects are characterized by sudden and severe exposure and rapid absorption of the substance | acute health effects |
| these health effects are characterized by prolonged or repeated exposures over many days, months, or years | chronic health effects |
| this relationship describes the change in effect on an organism or a population caused by different levels of exposure to a substance | dose-response relationships |
| this is the median lethal dose of a pollutant or drug that kills half the members of a tested population | LD50 |
| these are a group of air pollutants that are known or suspected to cause serious health problems | air toxics |
| effects of air toxics | increased chance of developing cancer, damage to immune system, neurological, reproductive, developmental, and respiratory problems |
| effects of asbestos | increased risk of lung cancer, mesothelioma, asbestosis |
| effects of carbon monoxide | enters the bloodstream through the lungs and binds chemically to bloods that carries oxygen to cells, causes slower reflexes, confusion, drowsiness, visual perception reduced, and coordination decreases |
| effects of indoor air pollution | headaches, dizziness, fatigue, irritation of the eyes, ear, and nose, respiratory disease, heart disease, and cancer |
| effects of lead | inhalation of air and ingestion of lead in food, water, soil, or dust causes seizures, brain and kidney damage, mental retardation, or behavioral disorders |
| effects of nitrogen dioxide | coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath |
| effects of ozone | damages lung tissue, reduces lung function, and sensitizes lungs to other irritants. chest pain and pulmonary congestion too |
| effects of particulate matter | aggravate respiratory conditions if thick matter and causes premature death if fine particles. also coughing, shortness of breath and susceptibilty to respiratory infetions |
| T or F: cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 85% of lung cancers | True |
| effects of cigarette smoking | increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, sudden death, cardiac arrest, peripheral vascular disease, and aortic aneurysm |
| what is the second leading cause of death | cancer |
| what is the leading cause of cancer death | lung cancer |
| this is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment | hazardous waste |
| categories of hazardous waste | corrosive, discarded chemical products, ignitable, nonspecific source, reactive, source specific, and toxic |
| these are strong acids or strong bases that are capable of corroding metal containers; battery acid is example | corrosive toxic wastes |
| these are specific commercial chemical products in unused form; pesticides and pharmaceutical products | discarded chemical products hazardous wastes |
| these wastes can create fires under certain conditions and are spontaneously combustible; waste oils and used solvents | ignitable hazardous wastes |
| these include wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes; solvents that have been used in cleaning or degreasing | nonspecific source hazardous wastes |
| these are unstable under normal conditions, can cause explosion, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated, compressed, or mixed with water; lithium batteries and explosives | reactive hazardous wastes |
| these are wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing; certain sludges and wastewaters from treatment and production processes | source specific hazardous wastes |
| these are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed, may contain mercury or lead, when disposed of on land, contaminated liquid may leach from the waste and pollute ground water | toxic hazardous wastes |
| three ways to cleanup/reduce hazardous wastes | produce less waste, conversion to less hazardous or nonhazardous substances, or perpetual storage |
| ways to convert to less hazardous substances | chemical, physical, and biological treatment, incineration, or thermal treatment |
| this is the use of bacteria and enzymes to break down hazardous materials | bioremediation |
| these are the forms of perpetual storage | arid region unsaturated zone, landfill, salt formations, surface impoundments, underground injection, and waste piles |
| this is the subsurface between the land surface and underlying aquifers | unsaturated zone |
| how salt formations work as perpetual storage | no flowing water within salt formations prevents dissolution and spreading of waste products |
| pros and cons of underground injection | low cost, waste can be retrieved, simple technology but leaks, earthquakes, and groundwater contamination |
| pros and cons of waste piles | easy to identify leaks but shipping of materials to facilities results in accidents |
| what was the first synthesized chlorinated organic pesticide? | DDT |
| this is the increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment in an organism or part of an organism | bio-accumulation |
| level at which a given substance is bioaccumulated depends upon.. | rate of uptake, mode of uptake, rate the substance is eliminated from the organism, fat content of the organism, environmental factors |
| this is the increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another | biomagnification |
| what needs to be present for biomagnification to occur effectively? | the pollutant must be long-lived, mobile, soluble in fats, and biologically active |
| this technique for deciding whether to make a change; one adds up the value of the benefits of a course of action and subtracts the cost associated with it | cost-benefit analysis |
| three economic situations that a cost-benefit analysis applies to | 1. can help judge whether public services are adequate 2. used when judging and assessing inefficiencies in the private sector and their impact on health, safety, and environmental needs of coutnry 3. determines societal needs in cost-effective manner |
| cost-benefit analysis requires these five things | 1. gathering all info and data about public issue 2. defining possible solutions to solving the issue 3. brainstorming possible environmental and societal consequences 4. quantifying the benefits and costs 5. making decisions and balancing conerns |
| the five steps in the framework of cost-benefit analysis | cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, health of environmental protection standards, risk-benefit, and technology |
| this determines an action and levels of action that achieve the greatest net economic benefit | cost-benefit |
| this is implementing a specific environmental, health, or safety objective at the least cost | cost-effectiveness |
| this reduces the risk to the public whatever the cost | health or environmental protection standards |
| this is balancing the health or environemtnal protection with the costs of providing the protection | risk-benefit |
| this step is to achieve results that are predicatable and certain | technology |
| this is reached when the change in the total cost of a production changes with the production of just one more item | marginal cost |
| this is a general term for a wide variety of costs and benefits that are not included in prices of effects of an action on people who were not a part of the process | externality |
| this deals with the continuity of the economic, social, and institutional aspects of human society while at the same time preserving biodiversity and the environment | sustainability |
| issues common to both human and environmental interests | consideration of risk, uncertainty, and irreversibility; commitment to best practice; no net loss to human or natural capital; equal opportunity and community participation |
| How do you change ppm to a % ? | move the decimal place four places to the left and add a % sign |
| What is an option value? | the value that people place on having the option to enjoy something in the future |
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kp1793
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