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Housing
Areas of Practice - Housing - AICP November 2022 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Public Health Movement 1850s to 1900s | |
| 1855 | 1st model tenement built in NYC |
| Tenement House Act of 1867 | 1st housing code in the US. Required all rooms within tenements to have windows but did not require windows to open to the outside |
| Tenement House Act of 1879 (Old Law Tenements) | This Act required windows to open to outside air, resulted in the dumbbell tenement housing type with open air shafts. This form of housing, “Old Law Tenements,” were built in NYC with poor lighting, little air, and little space. |
| How the Other Half Lives, 1890 | Jacob Riis shows photography on the plight of the poor in NYC and created focus on housing policy |
| Tenement House Law of 1901 (New Law Tenements) | Outlawed dumbbell tenements. The new housing code was vigorously enforced by Lawrence Veiller (NY City Inspector) w a required inspection and construction permit. Req light and air btw buildings, and toilets and running water in each apartment unit. |
| Neighborhood Unit Concept, 1929 | Clarence Perry. defines a neighborhood based on a five-minute walking radius, with a school at its center. Each neighborhood is approximately 160 acres. |
| Public Works Administration (PWA), created in 1934 following the Great Depression, | first federally supported public housing program. provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. |
| National Housing Act of 1934 | established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages, and FDIC to insure saving deposit boxes. This department pays back up to $250K if your bank fails. |
| Resettlement Administration 1935 | New Deal funds to develop new towns throughout the U.S. Three of these were the “Greenbelt” communities of Greendale, WI, Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD, which are all in existence today. |
| US Housing Act 1937 | provided $500M in home loans for the dev of low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing. Part of New Deal. Catherine Bauer - Added Section 8 for rental assistance where owner reserves some or all of the units for low-income tenants. |
| Servicemen's Readjustment Act 1944, GI Bill | guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs. |
| Housing Act of 1949 | first comprehensive housing legislation passed in the U.S. The Act called for the construction of 810,000 new housing units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment program. |
| Housing Act of 1954 | 1st creation of Comp Plans through Section 701 by providing cities under 25,000 population to create plans. Called for slum prevention and urban renewal. The 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning. |
| Housing Act of 1959 | made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels. |
| Housing Act of 1961 | provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, cooperatives, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent. |
| U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 1965, Great Society Program, President Johnson | Formed through the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. The act also put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects. Robert Weaver |
| Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act 1966 | Launch of the model cities program. The Act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit and loan guarantee program for "new communities." |
| The Civil Rights Act of 1968 created Fair Housing Act (FHA) | 1968 acts to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and 1974 added sex 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children. |
| Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 | provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units. The Act also authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low-income families. |
| Pruitt-Igoe Demolition 1972 | a public housing development first occupied in 1954, was demolished in St. Louis. Its demolition marked a shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing. |
| Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG), 1974 | created to 1. use federal funds to improve blighted areas. 2. Consolidated six categorical urban programs into one; 3. Created the Section 8 housing voucher program (amending the 1937 legislation) for rent subsidies for low-income housing. |
| National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974 | 1st time manufactured housing units ("mobile homes") were regulated for location, size, and appearance. The act applied to all manufactured homes built in 1976 or later. |
| Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) 1975 | federal law that requires financial institutions to report mortgage data to the public, created over concern w credit shortages in some neighborhoods and potentially identifying discriminatory lending patterns. |
| Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) 1977 | to encourage banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. One of the aims of the CRA was to reverse the effects of redlining |
| Redlining | a highly discriminatory practice where banks restricted lending in areas deemed too risky (mostly African-American neighborhoods). Reqs federal regulators to assess how well each bank fulfills its obligations to low and moderate-income neighborhoods. |
| Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG) 1977 | promoted public-private partnerships for the redevelopment of urban areas. It also required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects. Finally, it cut funding for the Section 701 comprehensive planning program. |
| National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 | created the HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation. |
| HOPE VI 1992 | 1st time for deconcentrating public housing. Provided funds for the redev of severely distressed public housing, demoed public housing and promoted new public housing in mixed-income neighborhoods, a New Urbanism principle |
| HUD Required Consolidated Plans, 1995 | required local communities to prepare this Plan to receive HUD funding. Replaced Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME) Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG) Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) |
| Consolidated Plan | Both a process and a document. Process to identify housing, homeless and community development needs w multi-year goals and an annual action plan. Document that details community development and housing profile |
| Sweat equity | interest or increased value in a property earned from labor put towards the restoration of a property. Ex Habitat for Humanity, helping families become homeowners by contributing hours of labor towards the construction of a home. |
| Urban homesteading | has been used by a number of cities to encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant properties. HUD allows for federally owned properties to be sold to homesteaders. |
| Workforce housing | term used for subsidized housing meant for teachers, nurses, police officers, and others in the workforce. The term is popular because it is seen as having less social stigma than "affordable housing." |
| Community development | broad topic that seeks to engage the community in solving problems to promote economic, social, and environmental health. Community development is often thought about as being associated with the social aspects of the community's well-being. |
| Aging of America | critical issue facing cities across the United States. By 2030, people over the age of 65 are expected to represent 20 percent of the US population. |
| Community Development Banks | banks that operate in low to moderate income areas certified by the US Department of Treasury. Can seek an alternative designation by the National Community Investment Fund if they locate branches and provide loans in economically distressed areas. |
| Colonias | Unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure sold to low-income in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. Pred Hispanic. Dev bc of limited supply of adequate, affordable housing. In TX there are > 400,000 people living in > 2,200 |
| Homelessness | Linked to poverty - unable to pay for housing, food, childcare, health care, and education. Bc housing req the most income, it is dropped when illness, accident, job loss. Also lack of affordable health care, domestic violence, mental Illness, addiction. |
| Geutreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority, 1960s | US Supreme Court Case Ordered Chicago Housing Authority to provide scattered-site housing. 1976 - led to Sec 8 vouchers to rent in white, suburban areas 1990s - Moving to Opportunity. Experiment to place lower incomes in higher income areas |
| Miami Valley Ohio Regional Planning Commission Housing Plan, 1970 | 1st plan to allocate low and moderate housing on a "fair share" basis |
| Mt Laurel New Jersey v New Jersey Supreme Court, 1983 | Rules that all 567 municipalities in state must build their "fair share" of affordable housing. Precedent against racial segregation. |
Created by:
cristinemshoff
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