monitorthermalgas Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Who issues regulation for handling transportation and storage and disposal of cylinders | USDOT, CGA, and NFPA |
oxygen is in what state at room temp | gas |
oxygen is refrigerated to maintain what state | liquid |
manifolds redude pressure of cylinder from what to what? | 2000 psi to 50psi |
service pressure of oxygen is what | 2000psi |
critical temp of oxygen | -119C |
capacity of Ecylinder | 660liters |
is even of loss of pipelie pressure | 1. fully open E cylinder, and use low FGF. 2. if not fully open, flow ends before its empty. 3. hoses to pipeline are disconnected |
at 1000psi of O2 how many liters are left? | 330L |
adiabatic means what | no heat loss to atmosphere |
Nitrous oxide PSIG, LIters, and temp | 1600Liters, 745 psig, stored as liquid critical temp 36.5C |
N2O is easily compressible without a large incrase in tank pressure T or F | True |
what is a rupture disk | is emergecny relief valve to prevent explosion, will rupture at 3300 PSI. E cylinder them self can withstand 5000psi |
woods metal | metls at 158F , ventilates gas into air |
volume of N2O is what to cylinder pressure | not proportional |
what what liter of N2O will nitrous be expended | 400L |
what is tare weigt | empty wieght |
energy to convert liquid to gas | endothermic |
how do you crack a cylinder | slowly |
how to determind residula volume of N2O | weigh the cylinder. |
medical air | made from compressors |
crtical temp of medical air | -146.6C, pressure falls proportional to tank content |
medical air cylinder | 660L and 1900psi yellow |
pipeline constructions | seamless copper tubing, 1993 NFPA made stricter standards against contaminants. |
DISS connectore help prevent connection errors | TRUE |
how far apart are the O2 lines are labled | every 20 feet, every story of a building, and entering each OR |
installation of anesthesia gas system | copper only, certified installer, 48 hour pressure test, |
Yellow PSI L PIN | 1900psi 660L 1,5 |
Green PSI L PIN | 1900psi 660L 2,5 |
Blue PSI L PIN | 745psi 1600L 3,5 |
H cylinders hold about 6900 liters so at 3/l min you can run it for how long | 38hours |
central vacums contain what to prevent system contamincation | Traps. |
what happens if you bypass a trap | may shut down system for terminal cleaning, upto 24 hours. |
O2 shut off valves AKA | zone valves |
gas tubing in OR present three diff ways | gas colums, hose drops, articulated arm BOOM |
compressed nitrogen | not for patients, BLACK in color, commonly in H cylinder, 660L at 200psi |
what seamlessly selects the supply tank with apreoate pressure and swtitches from central supply to tanks | manifold system |
carbon dioxide | insulfation gas, Grey tanks, CGA says color code, but not all do. not mandated by FDA. |
testing anesthesia gas circuits | 1. pressure test, 2. test for cross connections. 3. pipeline purge using cheese cloth. 4. standing pressure test after walls are closed. in accordance with ASSE 6000 |
what type of burn is prevalent among small children | scald injuries |
chemical burn degree depends on what | type of chemical, concentration and duration of exposure |
what causes death in burn pts | not the thermal toxic damage, but the shock state following by potential sepsis. |
what systems can be affected by burns | all can be affected |
Burn degree | 1st, sunburn 2nd. partial thickness 3rd. all epidermus white sluffing off. 4.muscle fascia bone burn. |
estimation of body percent burned | the rule of nine |
rule of nine breakdown adult | head and each arm 9. front 18 back 18, circumfrance of each leg 18 |
rule of nine with babies | head 18, arms 9 each, front 18 back 18 and legs are 14 each |
is the rule of nine definitive | no, just a good estimate |
lund and browder chart | more accurate burn injury quantification, esp for pediatric. |
burn formula and if greater than what is predictive with high mortality rate | age + %TBSA of burn >115 then the mortality is great than 80% |
how can mortality of burn victim be doubled | if there is an inhalation injury with thermal burn |
4 types of burns | chemical, electrical, thermal, and inhalational |
treatment of chemical burn | large amount of water flush, noxious fumes can also cause serious injury. |
electrical burns | depends on voltage, duration. point of entry is not the point of exit and not always appartent. |
electrical burn damages what | bones, blood vessel, muscle, nerve |
muscle damage from electrical burn | can cause myoglobinemia which leads to renal failure. |
thermal burns from ages of what to what is normal | 1-4 |
what is the second leading cause of accidental death | fire |
scald burns in children are one of the most common injuries that result in what | abuse |
with thermal injury what should always be suspected untill ruled out | inhalational burn both upper and lower |
dry air at what temp and steam at what temp can cause damage | dry at 300C and steam at 100C |
lower airway injury from | soot and particles, airway mucosa makes acidic and alkali substances, which results in INCREASED capillary permeability. |
signs of inhalational injury | hoarseness, sore throat, dysphagia, hemoptysis, tachypnea, accessory muscles, wheezing, carbon in sputum, and or elevated carbon monox |
three phases of treatment | 1. resuscitative, 2. debridment and graft 3. reconstructive |
Resuscitative | ABC, and coexisting trauma, all at risk for pulmornay injury, |
how to diagnose airway injury | history physical, direct visualization, CXR normal in early phase unless aspirations, intubation even if not showing signs of decompensation. |
why intubate early | because once edea sets in, very hard to intubate, especially after fluid resusication has occured. children no cuff, and one size smaller than norm, naso for kids is better tolerated. |
if burn injury great thatn 24 hours what can NOT be used | succinocholine |
upregulations of acetylcholine can cause what if succs is given | increase of K from muscle, resulting in hyper K and possibly cardiac arrest |
what determines the K release in a burn patient if succs is given | the size of the burn |
burn patient have a what sensitivity to NDMB | decreased, due to increased nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and change in volume of distribution. may need two or three times the dose |
best intubation if when a patient is | awake |
carbon monoxide poisoning | any burn patient in enclosed space, is at risk for CO. 50-60 % die from CO poisening. |
symptoms of CO poisoning depends on what | carboxyhemoglobin level |
CO affinity to heme is | 200 times that of Oxygen, tissue beceomes acidotic ABG normal arterial oxygen tension but decreased total oxygen content. |
carboxyhemoglobin level of what kills | greater than 60 |
a shift to the what is seen with CO toxicity | shift to the left |
pulse ox is a good measure of CO poisoning? | NO, pulse ox can not tell difference |
Treatment of CO includes | oxygen at 100% face mask. Shortens half life of CO from 4 hours, to 40 min. |
upon securing airway, and other life threatening injury | pt given fluid, include blood. need to maintain renal function. |
Fluid losses are great in the first | 12 hours and stabilized after 24 hours |
edema and or third spacing causes what | depletion of plasma volume, increase in extracellular fluid and shows up as HYPOVOLEMIA and BURN INDUCED EDEMA |
inflamation and edema can occur localy or systemically why | depends on the size of burn. |
fluid resuscitation formular | 2-4ml/kg x BSA for adults. 3-4 for children. NSS for adults, LR for children under 3yrs. |
what type of fluid should be given according to american college of surgens commitee on trauma | cystalloid. |
why are colloids not given within the first 24 hours | they wont stay in vascular. |
after the first 48 hours patient goes into what state of metabolism | hypermetabolic hyperhemodynamic phase |
hypermetabolic state is manifested by | hyperthermia, tachypnea, tachycardia, increased catecholamine, increased Oxygen, increased basal metabolic rate. stays for weeks, till wound healing starts. |
cardiovascular system after burns | edema, third spacing due to disrupted endothelium, shock 24-36 initial hours, HALL MARK IS DECREASED Cardiac Output. initially compensated. |
inflamatroy syndrome in burn patiens | increased CO, tachycardia, and reduction in SVR, 24-35 hours post burn. Initial burn hours, decreased CO and increased SVR. |
in hypermetabolic state patient shows increased consumption of what | oxygen and production of CO2 |
children weeks after burn injury become | hypertensive, increased catecholamine production, activation of renin-angiotensiin |
Pulmonary system and burns | may decrease, FRC reduced, chest wall compliances decreased. edema, eschar formation, |
If no inhalational are lungs still compromised | yes, plasma oncotic pressure decreases, results in pulmonary edema. |
Immune system and burn | susceptible to infection, altered immune system starts hours after burn, Leukocyte activity is depresses as well as humoral and cellular response. |
prime medium for bacterial growth | is the burn eschar |
which bacteria increases mortality | gram negative bacteria, septic, pneumonia, require prolonged mechanical vent |
death after burns, most deaths is attributed to | 100% infection in children, and 75% in adults. |
Renal and burns | ARF is a serious injury, increases mortality. glomerular filtration alteration, due to intravascular depletion, decreased CO, and increased catecholamine |
renin-angiotensin release what and it does what | ADH and conserve sodium and water. |
electrical burns and renal | myoglobinemia, can damage the renal tubules and impair function |
what do we give to protect the renal system | bicarb |
bicarb in renal system in burn patients prevents what | myoglobin casts formation |
how soon after burn can ARF occur | 2-3 weeks |
damage to renal arencyma occurs from | myoglobinuria, rhabdomyonecrosis and or hemoglobinuria due to hemolysis. |
what blood product can be given to protect renal in burns | FFP, contains haptoglobin, binds free hemoglobin. |
GI and burns | with a 40% burn pt has a 132% higher basal energy espendature. for sepsis is 79% increase and major surgery is 25% |
burn patients and prevention of catabolism what is more nurtietionaly available | carbs are better than fats. Insulin not functioning, need blood sugars. |
what is better for protein fats or carbs in burn patients | carbs |
enteral feeding before surgery | stop the night before |
intubated patients and enteral feeding | may continue feeding. Un-intubated stop 4 hours before. |
NG tube should be what once in OR | suctioned and RSI should be in order. |
if patient is on parenteral hyperalimentation | continue through out surgeory and line should not be used for anesthetic |
20% TBSA burn or more can cause what in GI | illeus, gastric and duodenal ulcers can occur called Curlings ulcer. |
what is curlings ulcer | gastric and duodenal ulcers cause by burn. ie stress ulcer from burn |
treatment of curlings ulcer | H2 blockers and antacids. these patients have increased infection of pseudomonas of lung. H2 blockers end in -tidine |
burn patients and changes in plasma protein | decreased albumin and increased alpha-1 gylcoprotein |
decreased albumin affects what drugs how | albumin/plasma binding of drugs like benzo, phenytoin, salicylic acid is decreased. ie need LESS drugs. larger volume of volume distribution. |
drugs bound to alpha1-glycoprotein | need more drugs, eg lidocaine, Demerol, propofol |
volume distribution of drugs in burns is affected by | extracellular fluid volume and Protein binding. these effect how drugs work in body and how much you need to give. |
In hypermetabolic state CO increases to kidney and liver causing | increased drug clearance. |
Surgical debridment and skin grafting | restore skin integrity, ealier eschar is removed and less chance of infection. other advocate waiting 1-3 weeks after injury. |
before surgery pt must be what | stable and fluid resuscitated. |
surgical limited to how much of body | 20% at a time. otherwise hemodynamics and coagulation status must be considred. |
what preop test are important before surgery | acid-base, electrolyte, ABG, CXR, chem panel, CBC, EKG, airway eval, coags |
what electrolyte imbalance might be seen with burn | HyperKalemina, hypercholeremic , Na, Cl |
tpoical antibiotics like Mafenide acetate inhibits carbonic anhydrase which causes | hyperchloremic acidosis |
silver nitrate aka silvadine decreases what | Na, Cl, and K levels. |
electrolyte imbalances with burns can be seen with what “procedures” | surgical time of 2-3 hours and core temp 35C or blood loss of 10 units PRBC |
Grafts in burn patients | can use own skin or other type of grafts if own skin is not available |
pre-op eval of burn pts | medical hx, lab, physical, lungs, airway, resp compliance. know type of burn, and TBSA% and location of burns. surigcal intentions. alot to consider when giving anesthesia to them. |
other pre-op considerations for burns | monitors, core temp, airway, invasive lines, sedation, analgesia all must be considered. |
pre-op oral assessment | if not intubated, awake fiberoptic should be considered. no tape, consider cloth to hold ETT. |
hypothermia and burn | great risk for hypothermia, warm fluids, bair hugger, warm OR, humidifiers if possible. |
detriment bloody considerations | gauze may be soaked in epi and neo to vasoconstrict. this can cause tachycardia. elevation in BP. Instead use THrombin soaked sponges instead. |
Thrombin soaked sponges | an alternative to epi and neo soaked for detriment. |
all blood products should be immediately be available to you T or F | True |
in burn patients what is of utmost importance | VIGILANCE and careful planning. survery the surgical field, do not rely on surgeon for blood loss. |
Burn patients and anesthetics | go slow, titrate, regional is debatlable during reconstructive phae. (infections, hypovolemia, vasodilation) |
Inductions drugs and burns | standard induction is ok to use. Succs becareful, sodium thiopental, propofol and etomidate all can be used but know downfall to fix it. |
what has a greater negative ionotropic effect than sodium thiopental and etomidate | propofol |
ketamine is a good hemo-stable drug, some analgesia for burns | True |
if no IV in ped, then what VAA can be used | Sevo, keep in mind cardio vascular depressant effect of VAA and if pt is NOT fluid resuscitated. |
non-depolarizors can be used in burns but | need redosing, increase in postjunctional acetylcholin receptores becareful about succs |
in burn pts need more opiods due to | activation of endogenous opoid pathways., PCA over IM. Morphine, fentynl and sufent are all ok intraop |
what opioid is good for dressing change | remifyntanel |
why NSAIDS not a good idea for burn pt when changing dressing | prevention of thromboxin A, faiiure of platelet aggregation. |
if to be extubated in OR | need full spontatnous breaths, niff of -30, follows all directions, all properly reversed. adequate tidal volume, good RR |
what is monitored by anesthesia | BP(invasive and non) EKG |
respiratory system monitors | precodal and esophageal stetchescopes. Pulse oximetry, end tidal CO2, and anesthetic analysis. |
Neurological systems | EVP by neurophysiologist, BIS and perfipheral nerve stimulators. |
We keep an an eye out for renal | urin ouput, temp. |
vital signs are | HR, BP, EKG, Pulse Ox, End tidal CO2, Temp (for GA and peds mac) |
Rhythmic contraction of left vent | ejects blook in vascular system results in pulsitile arterial pressure. |
Peak pressure generated during | systolic contraction |
trough pressure during | diastolic relaxation |
MAP, Mean arterial pressure, average pulse cycle | SBP +2(DBP)/ 3 |
PULSE PRESSURE | is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures |
radial artery systolic pressure is usually higher | than aortic systolic pressure |
aortic root has the lowest SBP and narrowest pulse pressure. | TRUE |
the dorsalis pedis has the highest | SBP and widest pulse pressure |
Pulse pressure = | SBP-DBP |
Non invasive blood pressure | inflation of BP cuff, artery partially collapsed, as released Korotkoff sounds, audible distal third of BP cuff |
BP cuff size | too small high BP, too big low BP. too narrow most significant error. |
width of the cuff should be how much greater than diameter of extremity | 20-50 |
automatic bp cuff based on | oslometric q3 to q5 min |
BP should be viewed as an indicator not a | measure of end organ perfusion |
Gold standard of blood pressure | Invasive arterial blood pressure |
reasons for Aline | cardiovascular instability, fuild shift, intracranial surgery, CV disease, LVH, valvular disease, diabetes, cardiac arrest |
reasons for Aline | direct maipulation of cardiovasular, surgery, vascular surgery, deliberate, hypoten, deliberate hypothermia, obesity, frequest Arterial samples |
technique of invasive arterial line insertion | percutatneous arterial cannulation of radial, dorsiflexion, secure wrist, palpate, mark, sterile technique |
sterile A line technique | gloves, prep, skin wheal 1% insert 30-45deg upon flash drop angle to 10 to 30deg |
Trans-arterial or through arterial | through artery, pull back flash remove stylet and advance, use guide wire or 3cc syringe to advance catch. |
Seldinger technique | over wire technique |
Pressure transducer | IBP tubing non compliant, fluid filled, transducer used, |
Transducer are based on | strain gauge principle. crystal stretched and electrical resistance is changed. |
mechanical characterstics of transducer system is based on two parameter | natrual frequency and damping coefficient |
Natural frequency | the frequency at which the system will resonate or ring |
Damping coefficient | which describes the tendency of the apparatus to extinguish oscillations through viscous and frictional forces. |
Natural Frequency of Arterial Pulse= | 16 -24 Hz |
Natural Frequency of Transducer = | 1 to >200 Hz |
addition of arterial extension tubing, extra stopcocks, air bubbles all can lead to | damping effect |
Overdamping____estimastes systolic pressure | under estimates |
underdamping leads to ____ and reads a falsly____ | overshoot and reads falsely systolic pressure |
Underdamping will over shoot or ringing the image lookslike | one or more “step offs” |
damping | underestimating the systolic pressure, slurred stroke absent dichroitic notch |
damping coefficient of ___is optimal, and can be determined by examining tracing oscillations after a high-pressure flush | 0.6 to 0.7 on a scale of 1 |
Air bubbles in the tubing runs the risk of flushing the air bubbles ___ into the arterial tree, possibly causing a cerebral air embolus | RETROGRADE |
baseline drifts, requires periodic | re-zeroing |
Usually at the level of the RIGHT ATRIUM Known as | Phlebostatic axis |
The zero reference point of the transducer is the | TIP of the stopcock. |
ischemia may be reduced by presence of | collateral blood supply |
___is meant to identify a patient’s risk for ischemic complications during or after radial artery catheterization | allen’s test. |
5% of patient have incompetent palmer arches and lack | collateral blood flow |
allen’s test determins adequecy of | ulnar collateral circulation in case of radial thrombosis |
Technique for Allen’s Test | 1. make a fist to exanguinate hand 2. occlude radial and ulnar artery with fingertip pressure 3. relax blanched hand. release ulnar. 4. collateral is good if pink 5 seconds thumb |
allen’s test | if thumb does not occur within 10 seconds not good collateral. |
Alternative site for arterial bp monitoring | ulnar, brachial, axillary, fermoral (next most common) dorsalis pedis, posterior tibials, head superficial temp artery |
complications of arterial catheterization | hematoma, loss of digit, bleeding, thrombosis, infection, vasospasm, skin necrosis, nerve damage |
Dicrotic notch | seen at apex of waveform of A line and represents closure of aortic valve. |
square wave test | flush no more than 2- 3 seconds. should return to normal after 2 seconds. |
Anacrotic limb “The rise” | first phase of arterial pulse cycle, ventricles eject blood into arterial tree. arterial pressure rises to end systole. |
steepness of ascending phase affected by | HR, increases SVR, vasopressor, norepi, vasodialator less steep. |
systolic notch | not normal, aortic insufficiency, stenosis, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. OVERESTIMATE systolic BP |
Descending limb of Aline | pressure falls to that of end diastolic pressure. Has dicrotic notch. |
Dicrotic notch | occurs at any point of fluctuation in pressure during descending arterial limb. aortic and pulmonary valves snap shut causing pressure reverberations. |
Dicrotic notch ie | aortic valve closure |
Incisura | deep notch at surface ie when it comes to Aline dicrotic notch |
flat or non existing dicrotic notch | dyhydrated, |
low dictorotic notch | high pulse pressure, spetic shock ie low diastole |
flat notch | present in cardio pulmonary valve insufficiency |
the rate of fall off or fall of end systole to early diastole changes in relation to | SVR |
what does the upstroke of arterial waveform represent | ventricular contraction |
what does the down stroke of arterial wave form represent | SVR |
what does the area under the curve represent | MAP |
what does respiratory variation represent | pt is dry |
lead what has the greatest Pwave voltage tracing | lead II, it parallels the atria. |
lead V lies where | 5th intercostal space mid axillary, |
lead V use for | detecting anterior lateral wall ischemia. a true lead V needs 5 leads |
electrocautery, lead, cable and patient movent can@ simulate dysrhythmias | |
how many patient scheduled for cardiac surgery have risk factor for CAD | 1/3 |
No universal criteria for ischemia | TRUE |
ST segment analysis is more sensative than | holter in detecting ischemia |
ST analysis | STdepressression greater than 1mm, greater than 1mm sloping or down sloping from J point, 1mm or greater ST elevation, are all worthy for ischemia |
transmural ischemia | ST elevation greater than 1mm |
subendocardial ischemia | down ST depression |
who cant get PA RIJ | hypovol, hypoten |
why RIJ over Left | Left has thoracic duct |
what is thoracic duct | lymph empties into it |
technique for PA RIJ | seldinger, over wire, trendelinburgh, sternocleidomastoid and clavicle, facing opposite nipple |
characteristic pressure waveforms of monitor | A C X V Y |
positive deflection of PA | A C V |
negative deflection of PA | X Y |
CVP monitoring helpful in dx and treating | cardiac tamponade |
cardiac tamponade and CVP | diastolic pressure equalize and CVP become monophasic |
characteristic of significant cardiac constriction and tamponade | CVP=RVDP=PDP=PAOP(wedge) |
The postive deflections A | atrial contraction, correlates with PR interval |
the positive deflections C | represent ventricular contraction, bulging of tricuspid valve into atria, follows onset of QRS on EKG |
the positive deflections V | represents pressure buildup from venous return until AV valve opens. follows T wave on EKG |
negative deflictions X | atrial relaxation |
negative defrlection Y | early ventricular filling, opening of tricuspid valve. |
CVP is proportional to preload of the right heart, PCWP is proportional to | preload of left side of heart. |
canon a waves on CVP | result from atrium contracting against closed tricuspid valve. for example in junctional retrograde atrial antegrade vent depol |
RA reading | 2-6 |
RV reading | 25/2-6 |
LA reading | 2-12 |
LV reading | 100-140/2-12 |
A-LA pressure during | atrial contraction, PR interval |
C-LA | ventricular constant follow onset QRS, or bulging of tricuspid valve into RA |
V-LA | represents buidling up from venous sys untill AV valve opens, follows T waves |
X wave | atria relax |
Y wave | early vent filling |
cardiac index= | cardiac output/BSAm2 |
normal CO= | 5-6L/min |
Normal CI= | 2.8-3.8 |
swan ganz aka pulmonary artery catheter | first described by letegalo and rhan in 1953. Used by Swan and Ganz in 1970. |
the PAC is balloon tipped, flow directed, multilumen can measure | CVP, PAP, PCWP, |
PAC’s also measure cardiac output by | thermo dilution technique. |
PAC capabalities | fiberoptic measurement of mixed venous and oxygen sat, cadiac pacing, Volume/venous infusion port, |
PA catheters are indicated | cardiac surgery, heart and lung and liver Tx, guide resuscitation in trauma, major blood loss, multiple organ system injury. |
PAC indication cont | poor LV, EF less than 40%, CI less than 2L/Min/m2, recent MI, ischemic disease, Pulm HTN, shock, sepsis, large volume shift, cross clamping of abd or thoracic aorta. |
PAC outside of OR | diagnosis and treatment of intra-cardiac shunt, sepsis, Pulm HTN, ARDS, cardiac tamponade, volume delivery, high risk surgical patients, and shock |
equipment for PA catheter insertion | percutaneous introducer ie Cordis, pressure transducer, mornitor capable of displaying waves, |
Fluoroscopy, may be needed with anomolies of | greater veins, RA or RV, or PA |
any contraindications for PAC insertion | NO ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS |
relative contraindications | severe coagulopathies, thrombocytopenia, prosthetic right heart valve, endocardial pacemaker, infection or tissue breakdown at insertion site. |
PAC and LBBB | may be contraindicated becaue it may cause a RBBB and then a Complete hear block. Have PA pacer and good to go. |
complications with PAC | during venous access, while in place air embolism, arrythmia. carotid artery cannulation aka BIG RED, pneumothorax |
when inserting a PA catheter and you have arrythmia | you should push past it. |
complications with PA catheters | dysrhythmia 70% pt, may need lidocaine 13%, INTRAPULMONARY HEMORRHAGE SECDONDARY TO PULMONARY ARTERY RUPTURE, pulm infarc, embolis, sepsis |
most serious complication of PA catherterization | pulmonary artery rupture |
pulmonary artery rupture | rapid hypotension, hemoptysis, reveral of anticoag, leave PA in place CALL THORACIC surgreon, place DL tube |
a double lumen tube is | needed to isolate injured lung. possible emergent lobeectomy or pneumonectomy |
common site for insertion of PAC | RIJ, align with superior vena cava and right atrium. Second best site, left subclavian. |
LEFT IJ and right Subclavian for PAC | not good, due to thoracic duct and serious turns required to gain access to PA |
wedge pressure when and what | evaluate LV preloading, and LVEDP, left vent end dias pressure, after the A wave but before the C wave. taken at end expiration |
we want a wedge pressure of greater than | 60mmHg |
PAC is calibrated to | atmospheric pressure |
Zones of west | 1. PA>Pa>Pv 2. Pa>PA>Pv 3. Pa>Pv>PA |
zones of west are anatomical or physiological | physiological, move with position of lung. |
PAOP should be less than PAD | “drop Off”, if higher then not in zone 3. Pa>Pv>PA |
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Created by:
Rooz
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