med-surg ch 31 notes Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
anastomosis | junction of two vessels |
aneurysm | localized sac or dilation of an artery formed at a weak point in the vessel wall |
Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) Ankle Arm Index (AAI) | ratio of the ankle systolic pressure to the arm systolic pressure; an objective measurement of arterial disease /provide degree of stenosis info |
arteriosclerosis | diffuse process - muscle fibers and endothelial lining of small arteries and arterioles THICKEN |
ATHEROSCLEROSIS | imflammatory process involving the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbs, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of a lg-med artery |
bruit | sound of turbulent blood flow thru an irregular, tortuous, stenotic, or dilated vessel |
dissection | separation of the weakened elastic and fibromuscular elements in the medial layer of an artery |
ischemia | deficient blood supply |
rubor | reddish blue discoloraton of the extremities; indicative of severe peripheral arterial damage; vessels remain dilated, unable to constrict |
stenosis | narrowing or constriction of a vessel |
arterioles are also referred to as.. | 'resistance vessels' bcuz they alter their diameter and offer resistance to blood flow |
veins distend more than arteries. large volumes of blood can remain. veins are also called... | capacitance vessels |
@ what % of total blood volume is contained in the veins | @ 75% total blood volume is contained in the veins |
the __ nervous system __ veins, thereby __ the blood volume in circulation. | the SYMPATHETIC nervous system CONSTRICTS veins, thereby INCREASEING blood volume in circulation. |
when metabolic needs increase, blood vessels... | dilate to increase the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. |
when metabolic needs decrease, blood vessels... | constrict and blood flow to the tissues decreases. |
reasons metabolic needs increase: | -physical activity -local heat application -fever -infection |
reasons metabolic needs decrease: | -rest / inactivity -local cold applicatoin -cooling of the body |
systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference | blood in the Vena Cava contains @25% less oxygen than aortic blood.. ~ > diff when less O2 delivered than tissues require~ |
location of arterial ulcers: | -tip of toes -toe webs -heels or pressure areas if confined to bed |
location of venous ulcers: | -medial malleolus (rarely: lat malleolus / ant tibial) |
pain characteristic of arterial ulcers: | VERY PAINFUL |
pain characteristic of venous ulcers: | -minimal pain if superficial (possibly very painful depending..) |
shape of arterial ulcers: | usually circular |
shape of venous ulcers : | irregular borders |
arterial ulcer base characteristics | pale to black and dry gangrene |
venous ulcer base characteristics | granulation tissue beefy red to yellow fibrinous (long term ulcer) |
leg edema in arterial ulcers | minimal unless extremity kept in dependent position constantly to relieve pain |
leg edema in venous ulcers | moderate to severe |
arterial ulcer pain characteristics | intermittent claudication to sharp, unrelenting, constant |
venous ulcer pain characteristics | aching, cramping |
arterial insufficiency skin characteristics | -dependent rubor -elevation foot pallor -dry, shiny, skin -cool - cold -loss of hair -nails-thickened and ridged |
venous insufficiency skin characteristics | -pigmentation in gaiter area (medial and lateral malleolus) -skin thickened and tough -may be reddish/blue -frequently assoc. w. dermatitis |
all blood vessels are innervated by the __ nervous system | all blood vessels are innervated by the SYMPATHETIC nervous system |
SYMPATHETIC nervous system stimulation causes vaso___? | SYMPATHETIC nervous system stimulation causes vasoCONSTRICTION |
WHAT CHARACTERIZES ALL PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES? | REDUCED BLOOD FLOW THROUGH PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS |
LEFT sided heart failure causes: | -accumulation of blood in the lungs -reduction in cardiac output -inadequate blood flow to tissues |
RIGHT sided heart failure causes: | -systemic venous congestion -reduction in cardiac output |
arteries can become damaged or obstructed as result of: | -atherosclerotic plaque -thromboemboli -chemical/mechanical traums -infection / inflammation - congenital or vasospastic disorder |
venous blood flow can be reduced by: | -thromboembolus -incompetent venous valves -ineffective pumping of muscles |
decreased venous blood flow results in: | -subsequent EDEMA |
MOST PVD's result in .. | -pain -skin changes -diminished pulse -possible edema |
aging considerations in peripheral vascular fxn: | -stiffened vessels -increased peripheral resistance -impaired blood flow -increased left ventricular workload |
REST PAIN: persistent pain in the forefoot when resting indicates... | severe degree of arterial insufficiency and critical state of ischemia. usually worse at night. |
diagnosis of arterial disorders requires thorough assessment of... | -skin color / temp / character -peripheral pulses |
in inactive elderly people __ may be the first sign of PVD | in inactive elderly people GANGRENE may be the first sign of PVD |
arterial insufficiency effects on ADLs.. | -reduced mobility / activity -reduced or loss of independence -higher rates of hospitalization -poorer quality of life |
What is the most common disease of the arteries? | ARTERIOSCLEROSIS |
The most common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries include: | -stenosis of the lumen -obstruction by thrombosis -aneurysm -ulceration - rupture |
what is ischemic necrosis? | death of cells due to deficient blood flow |
gradual narrowing of the lumen stimulates the development of... | collateral circulation |
RISK FACTORS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS & PAD | -TABACO/NICOTINE US -diet - hyperlipidemia -hypertension - obesity -stress -diabetes - age -gender |
prevention of atherosclerosis includes: | -reduce fat consumption -lowering cholesterol -use saturated fats -lower BP -QUIT SMOKING -GET EXERCISE |
PTA = | percutaneous transluminal angioplasty |
nurses can help pts improve peripheral arterial circulation by.. | -assisting w/ ambulation or -isometric exercises STOP IF PAIN |
peripherl vascular conditions that worsen with exercise: | -ulcers -cellulitis -gangrene -acute thrombotic occlusions |
RN interventions to promote vasodilation/prevent vascular compression: | -warm applications -better applied to abdomen than extremities USE W. CAUTION & NOT > THAN BODY TEMP -teach avoid cold -ENCOURAGE STOP SMOKING -AVOID STRESS (vasoconstrictor) |
RN DX with PVD = | -ineffect. periph. tissue perfusion -chronic pain -risk for impaired skin integrity -deficient knowledge r/t self care |
peripheral arterial occlusive disease / arterial insufficiency of the extremities.. most often occurs in .. | -men -diabetes -elderly |
hallmark symptom of peripher arterial occlusive disease / PAD.. | INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION: pain w. activity, relieved with rest. severe if rest pain. elevation = pain. dependent position = less pain |
Rx for PAD | -Trental / Pletal -antiplatelet agents (Plavix) -Statin therapy |
Created by:
rtcdavis
Popular Nursing sets