psy Adulthood Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| What is development? | Ordely Cumulative Complex Age-Related Changes |
| What causes the change? | Maturation Environment |
| Nature vs. Nurture | Nature- maturation.(genes) Nurture- Social nurture(social environment) and Biological nurture- impacts brain or body from the outside. |
| Qualitative Changes | this says in different kinds of changes we become different kinds of people EX. CATERPILLAR TO A BUTTERFLY |
| Quantitative Changes | describes change in a way of numbers, can you count development. |
| Discontinuous Development | is abrupt huge difference between each stage and the next one. Is not smooth. |
| Continuous Development | Everything anything is connected to each other each stage is connected. Ex. Shy child becomes shy adult |
| Normative Age-Graded Influences | Experiences caused by biological, psychological, and socio-cultural forces that are highly correlated with age. EX.Around 16 we start to drive |
| Normative History Graded | Events that most people in a specific culture experience at the same time. Ex. event of 911 |
| Non-Normative Life Events | Are random or rare events that may be important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people EX. LOSING YOUR PARENTS AT A YOUNG AGE . |
| Ageism | Discrimination against older adults based on their age. EX. OLDER PEOPLE DRIVE SLOW BECAUSE THEIR OLD. |
| Life-Span Perspectives divided into 2 phases | 1. Early- childhood and adolescence 2. Later young adulthood, middle age and old age |
| 4 Key features | Multi-directionality Plasticity Historical Context Multiple Causation |
| Multi-Directionality | Development includes both growth and disease. |
| Plasticity | One's capacity is not predetermined |
| Historical Context | Each of us develops within a historical time and culture in which we are born and grow up |
| Multiple Causation | How we develop results from a variety of forces. |
| Biological/ physical Domains | Physical changes in body and brain, motor changes, changes in vision and senses. |
| Cognitive/Personality Domains | Also psychological domain involves thinking temperament, emotions, personality, psychopathology or mental disorders. |
| Social/Cultural Domains | Relationships with other people, relationships outside ourselves, hobbies, work. |
| Three processes involving aging | Primary Aging Secondary Aging Tertiary Aging |
| Primary Aging | is normal, disease-free development during adulthood |
| Secondary Aging | is developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally included changes that are universal. |
| Tertiary Agingq | Rapid losses that occur shortly before death. |
| Chronological Age | Calendar time |
| Biological Age | Estimate of the individuals position with respect to his/her potential life span. |
| Perceived Psychological Age | Refers to the functional level of the psychological abilities people use to adapt to changing environmental demands |
| Socio-Cultural Age | Refers to the specific set of roles individuals adopt in relation to othe rmembers of the society and culture to which they belong. |
| Family and work roles | When to get married, have children retire. |
| Successful aging | Avoidance of diseases and disability Effective physical and psychological functioning as we age Active social engagement with life. |
| Steps now to help succesful aging | Eat healthy exercise daily fun activites relaxation with self |
| Scientific Approach | The steps that you go about looking at a problem, that ensures that you research is empirical. Consists of reliability and validity. |
| Reliability | Refers to repeatability of your measures and results |
| Validity | Whether the researcher is testing what they say they are testing. |
| Two types of validity | Internal and external validity |
| Internal Validity | refers to how much control YOU have of any kind of variable that can interfere with your research. |
| External Validity | The real world nature of your research.(The higher this is the more applicable it is to the real world. |
| Research Designs | The experiment IV dv eXPERIMENTAL CONTROL GROUP Random Assignment |
| The experiment | Researcher introduces some change and then looks to see if that change impacts behavior. |
| Independent Variable | Variable of interest that is being manipulated. |
| Dependent Variable | Behavior of interest that is being observed or measured. |
| Experimental Group | Group of interest |
| Control Group | is used for comparison. |
| Correlations | Examines existing relationships among variables. |
| Correlational Coefficient | Is an statistical number between -1 and + 1. |
| Developmental Designs | Cross-sectional Study Longitudinal Study Sequential Study |
| Cross Sectional Study | People who differ in age are studied at the same point in time. Examines age differences but not age changes. |
| Cohort effect group | group of similar people experiencing the same thing. |
| Longitudinal Study | The same group of people are observed repeatedly over a period of time. |
| Sequential Designs | Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies |
| Primary Aging | Gradual, Biological and Universal changes that impacts a person, normative |
| Secondary Aging | Environmental factors that increase the rate of primary aging process.(Indivduals) |
| Changes in Neuron System | Wide range of complex thoughts and behaviors Brain weight declines Death of neurons and enlargement of ventricles 50% of neurons die in visual auditory and motor areas Cerebellum loses 25% of neurons |
| Changes in the senses include | Vision Hearing Smell and Taste Temperature and Pain Kinesthetic senses and balances |
| Vision | Structural Changes in the eye Sensitivity to glare Poor color discrimination Glare sensitivity |
| Presbyopia | difficulties in near vision |
| Eye Diseases | Cataracts Glaucoma Diabetic Retinopathy |
| Cataracts | opaque spots on the lens that limit amount of light transmitted, results in fogginess and blindness if not treated. |
| Glaucoma | Build up of pressure |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | Fluid retention in the macula,detachment of the retina, hemorrhage and aneurysms. |
| Hearing | One of the most well- known primary changes with age.(Primary) Mens hearing declines faster and earlier than women's hearing. |
| Presbycusis | Decline in the ability to hear high-pitched sounds. |
| Tinnitus | High pitched ringing or whistling in the ears |
| Smell and Taste | Sensitivity to the four basic taste declines Sensitivity to smell declines |
| Temperature and Pain | Decline in sensitivity to temp. changes, body cant respond to change as well as before Takes more pressure to feel touch and pain. |
| Somesthia | Systems that convey information about touch, pressure, temp., pain movement and body position. |
| Hypothemia | Body temperature below 95 degrees. |
| Hyperthermia | Body temp. above 98.6 |
| Kinesthetic Changes | Decline in knowing where you are in space. Dizziness and vertigo are common in older people. |
| Appearance changes | Facial structure changes Facial wrinkles Changes in hair Changes in height Changes in bones and muscle |
| Changes in physical ability | Decrease in physical ability beginning in mid 30's Muscle Strength and endurance declines. |
| Effects of Physical Aging on Behavior | Disease or Chronic illnesses Common problems like heart disease Sleeping Problems Go to a multi-phase sleep rhythm |
| Secondary Insomnia | Problems that are caused by medications, medical conditions, mental disorders. |
| Primary Insomnia | As we age we spend less time in deep sleep thus more easily awakened and have trouble falling asleep. |
| Longevity | The number of years one lives |
| Average Longevity | Average Life expectancy refers to the age at which half of the people born in a particular year will have died |
| Maximum Longevity | Whaat is the longest that a human being can live |
| Life Expectancy | Living to a healthy independent old age |
| Dependent Life Expectancy | Years of living after losing independence.(living a long time) |
Created by:
astoakley
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