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psy Adulthood

QuestionAnswer
What is development? Ordely Cumulative Complex Age-Related Changes
What causes the change? Maturation Environment
Nature vs. Nurture Nature- maturation.(genes) Nurture- Social nurture(social environment) and Biological nurture- impacts brain or body from the outside.
Qualitative Changes this says in different kinds of changes we become different kinds of people EX. CATERPILLAR TO A BUTTERFLY
Quantitative Changes describes change in a way of numbers, can you count development.
Discontinuous Development is abrupt huge difference between each stage and the next one. Is not smooth.
Continuous Development Everything anything is connected to each other each stage is connected. Ex. Shy child becomes shy adult
Normative Age-Graded Influences Experiences caused by biological, psychological, and socio-cultural forces that are highly correlated with age. EX.Around 16 we start to drive
Normative History Graded Events that most people in a specific culture experience at the same time. Ex. event of 911
Non-Normative Life Events Are random or rare events that may be important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people EX. LOSING YOUR PARENTS AT A YOUNG AGE .
Ageism Discrimination against older adults based on their age. EX. OLDER PEOPLE DRIVE SLOW BECAUSE THEIR OLD.
Life-Span Perspectives divided into 2 phases 1. Early- childhood and adolescence 2. Later young adulthood, middle age and old age
4 Key features Multi-directionality Plasticity Historical Context Multiple Causation
Multi-Directionality Development includes both growth and disease.
Plasticity One's capacity is not predetermined
Historical Context Each of us develops within a historical time and culture in which we are born and grow up
Multiple Causation How we develop results from a variety of forces.
Biological/ physical Domains Physical changes in body and brain, motor changes, changes in vision and senses.
Cognitive/Personality Domains Also psychological domain involves thinking temperament, emotions, personality, psychopathology or mental disorders.
Social/Cultural Domains Relationships with other people, relationships outside ourselves, hobbies, work.
Three processes involving aging Primary Aging Secondary Aging Tertiary Aging
Primary Aging is normal, disease-free development during adulthood
Secondary Aging is developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally included changes that are universal.
Tertiary Agingq Rapid losses that occur shortly before death.
Chronological Age Calendar time
Biological Age Estimate of the individuals position with respect to his/her potential life span.
Perceived Psychological Age Refers to the functional level of the psychological abilities people use to adapt to changing environmental demands
Socio-Cultural Age Refers to the specific set of roles individuals adopt in relation to othe rmembers of the society and culture to which they belong.
Family and work roles When to get married, have children retire.
Successful aging Avoidance of diseases and disability Effective physical and psychological functioning as we age Active social engagement with life.
Steps now to help succesful aging Eat healthy exercise daily fun activites relaxation with self
Scientific Approach The steps that you go about looking at a problem, that ensures that you research is empirical. Consists of reliability and validity.
Reliability Refers to repeatability of your measures and results
Validity Whether the researcher is testing what they say they are testing.
Two types of validity Internal and external validity
Internal Validity refers to how much control YOU have of any kind of variable that can interfere with your research.
External Validity The real world nature of your research.(The higher this is the more applicable it is to the real world.
Research Designs The experiment IV dv eXPERIMENTAL CONTROL GROUP Random Assignment
The experiment Researcher introduces some change and then looks to see if that change impacts behavior.
Independent Variable Variable of interest that is being manipulated.
Dependent Variable Behavior of interest that is being observed or measured.
Experimental Group Group of interest
Control Group is used for comparison.
Correlations Examines existing relationships among variables.
Correlational Coefficient Is an statistical number between -1 and + 1.
Developmental Designs Cross-sectional Study Longitudinal Study Sequential Study
Cross Sectional Study People who differ in age are studied at the same point in time. Examines age differences but not age changes.
Cohort effect group group of similar people experiencing the same thing.
Longitudinal Study The same group of people are observed repeatedly over a period of time.
Sequential Designs Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
Primary Aging Gradual, Biological and Universal changes that impacts a person, normative
Secondary Aging Environmental factors that increase the rate of primary aging process.(Indivduals)
Changes in Neuron System Wide range of complex thoughts and behaviors Brain weight declines Death of neurons and enlargement of ventricles 50% of neurons die in visual auditory and motor areas Cerebellum loses 25% of neurons
Changes in the senses include Vision Hearing Smell and Taste Temperature and Pain Kinesthetic senses and balances
Vision Structural Changes in the eye Sensitivity to glare Poor color discrimination Glare sensitivity
Presbyopia difficulties in near vision
Eye Diseases Cataracts Glaucoma Diabetic Retinopathy
Cataracts opaque spots on the lens that limit amount of light transmitted, results in fogginess and blindness if not treated.
Glaucoma Build up of pressure
Diabetic Retinopathy Fluid retention in the macula,detachment of the retina, hemorrhage and aneurysms.
Hearing One of the most well- known primary changes with age.(Primary) Mens hearing declines faster and earlier than women's hearing.
Presbycusis Decline in the ability to hear high-pitched sounds.
Tinnitus High pitched ringing or whistling in the ears
Smell and Taste Sensitivity to the four basic taste declines Sensitivity to smell declines
Temperature and Pain Decline in sensitivity to temp. changes, body cant respond to change as well as before Takes more pressure to feel touch and pain.
Somesthia Systems that convey information about touch, pressure, temp., pain movement and body position.
Hypothemia Body temperature below 95 degrees.
Hyperthermia Body temp. above 98.6
Kinesthetic Changes Decline in knowing where you are in space. Dizziness and vertigo are common in older people.
Appearance changes Facial structure changes Facial wrinkles Changes in hair Changes in height Changes in bones and muscle
Changes in physical ability Decrease in physical ability beginning in mid 30's Muscle Strength and endurance declines.
Effects of Physical Aging on Behavior Disease or Chronic illnesses Common problems like heart disease Sleeping Problems Go to a multi-phase sleep rhythm
Secondary Insomnia Problems that are caused by medications, medical conditions, mental disorders.
Primary Insomnia As we age we spend less time in deep sleep thus more easily awakened and have trouble falling asleep.
Longevity The number of years one lives
Average Longevity Average Life expectancy refers to the age at which half of the people born in a particular year will have died
Maximum Longevity Whaat is the longest that a human being can live
Life Expectancy Living to a healthy independent old age
Dependent Life Expectancy Years of living after losing independence.(living a long time)
Created by: astoakley
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