Med-Surg II (ch.26) Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Skin, hair, and nails | Integumentary system |
Skin protects against foreign invasion by providing a first, second, and third lines of defense known as: | The moat, the castle wall, and the knights and soldiers |
Specialized cells present in the skin that engulf any foreign substances (antigens) that invade the body when the skin is injured and then alert the immune system. | Langerhans' cells |
The largest organ of the body that plays a major role in homeostasis. | Skin |
What is the role of skin in homeostasis? | Helps regulate body temperature and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance |
The 3 layers of the skin | Subcutaneous fat (adipose tissue), dermis (corium), and epidermis |
The innermost layer of the skin, lying over muscle and bone | Adipose tissue |
What is the function of fat cells in skin? | energy reserve in event extra calories are needed to power the body; heat insulators; absorb shock; and protect against injury by padding internal structures |
The layer above the fat layer | Dermis or corium |
What is the composition of the dermis? | connective tissue that contains no cells; collagen; and elastic fibers that are interwoven to give skin both flexibility and strength |
Protein formed by dermal cells; the main component of dermal tissue; increases in injured areas and helps form scar tissue | Collagen |
Dermal cells | fibroblasts |
A protein lubricant produced by fibroblasts that contributes to the skin's normal suppleness and turgor | Ground Substance |
The major component of elastic fiber | Elastin |
Rich in sensory nerves that transmit sensatons of touch, pressure, temp, pain, and itch | Dermis |
The dermis has capillaries and lymph vessels for the exchange of what two components? | oxygen and heat |
The outer layer of skin | Epidurmis |
Finger-like projections that anchor epidermis to dermis tissue | Dermal papillae |
The fingers of epidermal tissue that project into the dermis | Rete pegs |
Protective barrier between the body and the environment that is less than 1mm thick | Epidermis |
How does the epidermis recieve its nutrients? | By diffusion from the blood vessels in the dermal layer through the basement membrane |
Basal cells attaached to the basement membrane that continuously divide to form new cells | Keratinocytes |
Older keratinocytes that are pushed upward and flattened to form the stratified layers of the epithelium | Malpighian layers |
The outermost skin layer; dead cells that are shed from the skin | Stratum corneum or horny layer |
The protein that makes the horny layer waterproof | Keratin |
How long does a keratinocyte take to move from the basement membrane to the skin surface | 28 to 45 days |
Activated in epidermis by UV light | Vitamin D |
Where does vit D promote uptake of dietary calcium? | Intestinal tract (distributed by blood) |
Pigment-producing cells found at basement membrane that give color to skin and account for racial differences in skin tone | Melanocytes |
What causes darker skin tones? | The size of the pigment granules contained in each cell |
Pigment granules | melanin |
What is the role of melanin | To protect the skin from damage by UV light |
Melanin production increases in areas that have what characteristics? | Endocrine changes or inflammation |
A thick protective pelt worn by most mammals | Hair |
Located in dermal layer of skin, but are actually extensions of the epidermal layer | Hair Follicles |
Formed by a round column of keratin within each hair follicle | Hair shaft |
Tougher than skin keratin | Hair keratin |
What determines a person's hair color? | genetical determined by rate of melanin production |
hair growth occurs in _______ | cycles; growth phase followed by resting phase |
Extensions of keratin-producing epidermal layers of the skin | nails |
Nails serve as useful tools for ____ and _____ | grasping and scraping |
The white, cresent-shaped portion of the nail at the lower end of the nail plate | lunula |
Nail keratin is formed and nail growth begins here | Nail matrix (Lunula) |
A continuous but slow process | nail growth |
How long does fingernail replacement take? | 3-4 months |
How long does toenail replacement take? | up to 12 months |
A layer of keratin at the nail fold that attaches the nail plate to the soft tissue of the nail fold | Cuticle |
Distributed over entire skin surface except for the palms and hands of soles of feet | Sebaceous glands |
A mildly bacteriostatic fat-containing substance that lubricates the skin and reduces water loss from the skin surface; Produced by sebaceous glands | Sebum |
Eccrine and apocrine glands | Sweat glands |
Arise from epithelial cells; found over entire skin surface and are not associated with the hair follicle; odorless, colorless, isotonic secretions | Eccrine sweat glands |
Role of Eccrine glands | Regulation of temperature |
stimulation of sweat form eccrine glands & resultant water evaporation can cause the body to lose as much as ____ of fluid in a single day | 10-12 Liters /day |
In direct contact with the hair follicle; interactions with skin bacteria with secretions causes distinctive body odor | Apocrine Sweat glands |
The single most important factor leading to degeneration of th skin components | chronic sun exposure |
Can increase risk for skin lesions and delay wound healing | Protein deficiencies, vitamin deficiencies, and obesity |
Can lead to vitamin deficiencies and related skin changes | fat-free diets and chronic alcoholism |
Initial reaction to a problem that alters one of the structural components of the skin | Primary lesion |
Changes in appearance that occur with progression of an underlying disease or in response to a topical or systemic therapeutic intervention | Secondary lesion |
thickend skin | lichenified |
ABCD (Skin cancer) | Asymmetry: of shape Border: irregularity Color: variation within one lesion Diameter: greater than 6 mm |
TSSE | Total skin self-examininatoin (monthly) |
May reflect problems of excessive moisture | Rashes |
Freckles, flat moles, rubella; flat lesions of less than 1 cm in diameter; white, red, or brown | Macules |
Lipomas; elevated marble-like lesions more than 1 cm wide and deep | Nodules |
vitiligo, cafe au lait spots; macules that are larger than 1 cm in diameter; slight scale or fine wrinkles | Patches |
sebaceous cysts; nodules filled with either liquid or semisolid material that can be expressed | Cysts |
Warts or elevated moles; small, firm, elevated lesions less than 1 cm in diameter | Papules |
acute dermitities; blisters filled with clear fluid; less than 1 cm in diameter | Vesicles |
second-degree burns; blisters filled with clear fluid; greater than 1 cm in diameter | Bullae |
psoriasis or seborrheic keratosis; elevated, plateau-like patches more than 1 cm in diameter that do not extend intot eh lower skin layers | Plaques |
acne, acute impetigo; vesicles filled with cloudy or purulent fluid | Pustules |
urticaria, insect bites; elevated irregularly shaped, transient areas of dermal edem | Wheals |
varicella; wider than fissues but involve on the epidermis; often associated with vesicles, bullae, or pustules | Erosions |
exfoliative dermatitis and psoriasis; visibly thickened stratum corneum; appear dry and usually whitish; seen most often with papules and plaques | Scales |
stage 3 pressure sores; deep erosions that extend beneath the epidermis and involve the dermis and sometimes the subcutaneous fat | Ulcers |
eczema, late-stage impetigo; composed of dried serum or pus on surface of skin, beneath which liquid debris may accumulate; frequently result from broken vesicles, bullae, or pustules | crusts and oozing |
chronic dermatitis; palpably thickened areas of epidermis with accentuated skin markings; caused by chronic rubbing and scratching | Lichenifications |
athlete's foot; linear cracks in the epidermis, which often extend into the dermis | Fissures |
Striae, aged skin; characterized by thinning of the skin surface with loss of skin markings; skin is translucent and paper-like; skin depression occurs when dermal layer is involved | Atrophy |
Ringlike with raised borders around flat, clear centers of normal skin | annular |
circular | circinate |
well-defined with sharp borders | circumscribed |
several lesions grouped together | clustered |
lesions that merge with one another and appear confluent | coalesced |
widespread, involving most of th body with intervening areas of normal skin; generalized | diffuse |
occurring in a straight line | linear |
with wavy borders, resembling a snake | serpiginous |
all areas of the body involved, with no areas of normal-appearing skin | universal |
classified as normal or abnormal, depending on the cause | vascular changes or markings |
birthmarks, cherry angiomas, spider angiomas, venous stars | normal vascular changes |
bleeding under the skin that may progress from red to purple to brownish yellew, petechiae, and ecchymoses; abnormal | purpuric lesions |
small, reddish purple lesions less than 0.5mm in diameter that do not fade or blanch when pressure is applied; indicate increased capillary fragility | petechiae |
a condition frequently seen in patients who have chronic venous insufficiency | Stasis dermatitis |
larger areas of hemorrhage that range in size from several millimeters to many centimeters | ecchymoses |
lice eggs | nits |
A collecton of patchy or diffuse white or gray scales on the surface of the scalp | Dandruff |
Excessive growth of body hair or hair growth in abnormal body areas | Hirsutism |
May occur as a result of circulatory problems and decreased blood flow to extremities | body hair loss, especially on feet or lower legs |
Abnormal nails | Dystrophic |
Fungal infection that may cause a "heaped-up" appearance of the toenails | Onychomycosis |
Required to soften the nail plates before they can be trimmed | warm-water soak or lubrication with petroleum jelly |
Thin and bend easily with pressure; associated with malnutrition, chronic arthritis, myxedema, and peripheral neuritis | soft nail plates |
can split; may be caused by repeated exposure to water and detergents, whcih damage the plate over time | brittle nails |
Separation of the nail plate form the nail bed | Onycholysis |
Inflammation of skin around the nail that often occurs with a torn cuticle or ingrown toenail | paronychia |
Lifting or puncturing of the outer surface of a lesion | unroofing |
A small, circular, cutting instrument ranging in diameter from 2-6 mm; small plug of tissue is cut and removed ; closed with 1-2 sutures or no sutures necessary | Punch Biopsy |
Remove only the portion of skin elevated above surrounding tissue when injected with loal anesthtic; indicated for superficial or raised lesions; use of scalpel or razor blade | Shave Biopsy |
Larger or deeper specimens obtained by excision with scapel; sutured | Excisional Biopsy |
May control bleeding of biopsy site | Topical hemostatic agent |
A handheld, long-wavelength ultraviolet (black) light | Wood's light |
A noninvasice and painless techinque that eliminates erythema cause by increased blood flow to the skin | Diascopy |
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