The A of PS Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
stage fright | anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience |
adrenaline | a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress |
positive nervousness | controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation |
visualization | mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation |
critical thinking | focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion |
speaker | the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener |
message | whatever a speaker communicates to someone else |
channel | the means by which a message is communicated |
listener | the person who receives the speaker's message |
frame of reference | the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference |
feedback | the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker |
interference | anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners |
situation | the time and place in which speech communication occurs |
ethnocentrism | the belief that one's own group of culture is superior to all other groups or cultures |
ethics | the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs |
ethical decisions | sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines |
name-calling | the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups |
Bill of Rights | the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution |
plagiarism | presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own |
global plagiarism | stealing a speech entirely form s single source and passing it off as one's own |
patchwork plagiarism | stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own |
incremental plagiarism | failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people |
paraphrase | to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words |
hearing | the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain |
listening | paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear |
appreciative listening | listening for pleasure or enjoyment |
empathetic listening | listening to provide emotional support for a speaker |
comprehensive listening | listening to understand the message of a speaker |
critical listening | listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it |
spare "brain time" | the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 w/m) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 w/m) |
active listening | giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view |
key-word outline | an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main pints and supporting evidence in rough outline form |
topic | the subject of a speech |
brainstorming | a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas |
general purpose | the broad foal of a speech |
specific purpose | a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech |
central idea | a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech |
residual message | what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech |
catalogue | a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library |
call number | a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves |
periodical database | a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines |
abstract | a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author |
reference work | a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers |
general encyclopedia | a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge |
special encyclopedia | a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc. |
yearbook | a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year |
biographical aid | a reference work that provides information about people |
virtual library | a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data |
sponsoring organization | an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet |
research interview | an interview conducted to gather information for a speech |
preliminary bibliography | a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic |
strategic organization | putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience |
main points | the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain form two to five main points |
chronological order | a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern |
spatial order | a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern |
causal order | a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship |
problem-solution order | a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. |
topical order | a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics |
supporting materials | the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony |
connective | a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them |
transition | a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another |
internal preview | a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss |
internal summary | a statement in the body of a speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points |
signpost | a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas |
rhetorical question | a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud |
credibility | the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic |
goodwill | the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind |
preview statement | a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body |
crescendo ending | a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity |
dissolve ending | a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement |
preparation outline | a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion and bibliography of a speech |
visual framework | the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas |
bibliography | a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech |
speaking outline | a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech |
delivery cues | directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech |
denotative meaning | the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase |
connotative meaning | the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase |
concrete words | words that refer to tangible objects |
abstract words | words that refer to ideas or concepts |
clutter | discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea |
imagery | the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas |
simile | an explicit comparison, introduced with the word 'like' or 'as', between things that are essentially different yet have something in common |
cliché | a trite or overused expression |
metaphor | an implicit comparison between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common |
rhythm | the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words |
parallelism | the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences |
repetition | reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences |
alliteration | repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words |
antithesis | the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure |
inclusive language | language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors |
generic 'he' | the use of 'he' to refer to both men and women |
nonverbal communication | communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words |
manuscript speech | a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience |
impromptu speech | a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation |
extemporaneous speech | a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes |
conversational quality | presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed |
volume | the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice |
pitch | the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice |
inflections | changes in the pitch or toe of a speaker's voice |
monotone | a constant pitch or tone of voice |
rate | the speed at which a person speaks |
pause | a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech |
vocalized pause | a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as 'uh', 'er', or 'um' |
vocal variety | changes in a speaker's rate, pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness |
pronunciation | the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language |
articulation | the physical production of particular speech sounds |
dialect | a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary |
kinesics | the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication |
gestures | motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech |
eye contact | direct visual contact with the eyes of another person |
model | an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail |
graph | a visual aid to show statistical trends and patterns |
line graph | a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space |
pie graph | a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns |
bar graph | a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items |
chart | a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form |
transparency | a visual aid drawn, written, or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector |
multimedia presentation | a speech that combines several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same speech |
font | a complete set of type of the same design |
informative speech | a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding |
object | anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form |
process | a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product |
event | anything that happens or is regarded as happening |
concept | a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like |
description | a statements that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness |
comparison | a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. |
contrast | a statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. |
personalize | to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience |
Created by:
klugdethloff
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