Astronomy Midterm Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
A convenient method to write very large numbers is to use scientific notation. True or False	True (Chapter 1)
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are only located at a distance of 1 AU or less from the Sun. True or False	False (Chapter 1)
The scientific method is a simple, mechanical way of grinding facts into understanding. True or False	False (Chapter 1)
The most widely accepted system of measurement is the metric system. True or False	True (Chapter 1)
Which best represents 5,362,000,000 kilometers in scientific notation?	5.362 × 10^9 km
Which is the correct order of the planets, moving from closest to the Sun to farthest from the Sun?	Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
What does the above image (Figure 1) represent?	A galaxy
Which of these planets is approximately the same size as Earth?	Venus
Since Mars is 1.5 AU from the Sun, how long would it take for sunlight to reach the surface of Mars?	12 minutes
What process do scientists use to determine how nature works?	Scientific Method
The Big Bang is a theory describing the ____.	Beginning of the universe
What is Earth’s distance from the Sun?	150 Million Kilometers
What is the very first step of the scientific method?	Form a hypothesis
The constellations are an ancient heritage handed down for thousands of years as ways to tell stories of mythical heroes and monsters. True or False	True (Chapter 2)
The scale of apparent visual magnitudes extends into negative numbers to represent the faintest objects in the sky True or False	False (Chapter 2
The nadir marks the point of the celestial sphere directly above your head. True or False	False (Chapter 2)
The International Astronomical Union established 88 constellations that represent a defined area of the sky . True or False	True (Chapter 2)
Flux is a measure of the light energy from a star that hits a collecting area of one square meter in one second. True or False	True (Chapter 2)
The seasons are caused by Earth’s orbit moving closer to or farther from the Sun. True or False	False (Chapter 2)
Which is an example of an asterism	Big Dipper
Due to the cycle of precession, in 12,000 years, which star will replace Polaris as the guiding North Star?	Vega
Within the Northern Hemisphere, the vernal equinox marks the start of ____.	Spring
. Day and night cycles are caused by the ____ of Earth.	Rotations
What is the apparent path of the Sun against the background of stars?	Ecliptic
Which planet is often called our most brilliant “morning star”?	Venus
. What is the name of constellations that appear to never rise or set?	Circumpolar constellation
As the illuminated part of the Moon grows larger from new to full, it is said to “wane” True or False (Remember: wax on, wane off)	False (chapter 3)
A “larger” Moon on the horizon is an optical illusion. True or False	True (chapter 3)
The Moon has a dark side that is never lit by the Sun. True or False	True (chapter 3)
There is one side of the Moon that can never be seen directly by observers on Earth. True or False	True (chapter 3)
In most months, there are no eclipses. True or False	True (chapter 3)
We landed on the moon. True or False	True (chapter 3)
What does a waning crescent moon mean? (Remember: wax on, wane off)	The changing Moon between third quarter and new moon
What are the two parts of a shadow during an eclipse?	Umbra and Penumbra
What does a waxing gibbous moon mean? (Remember: wax on, wane off)	A ¾ moon. When the moon is more than half way full.
What gives the Moon a coppery glow during a total eclipse?	Sunlight
During a total solar eclipse, what part of the Sun is often visible that we normally cannot see?	Sun's corona
At what point is the Moon farthest away from Earth?	Apogee
The diamond ring effect is a characteristic of which phenomena?(2 answers)	total and annular solar eclipses.
A solar eclipse can only occur when the Moon is ____.	when the moon blocks 100% of the solar disk.
A lunar eclipse can only occur when the Moon is ____.	when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow
What is the safest way or method to observe a solar eclipse?	through special-purpose solar filters,
Most Greek philosophers believed in a geocentric Universe. True or False	True (chapter 4)
Eudoxus of Cnidus (408–355 BCE), a student of Plato’s, applied the principle of heliocentric motion to produce a mathematical description of the motions of the Universe. True or False	False (chapter 4)
The most important idea in De Revolutionibus was placing the Sun at the center of the Universe. True or False	True(chapter 4)
Who is often considered the founder of trigonometry?	Hipparchus
What field of science focuses most on the connections between ancient celestial observations and such structures as the one seen in the accompanying figure (Figure 4-2)?	Stonehenge
The 99 years that revolutionized Astronomy ended with whose death?	Galileo.
Whose geocentric model of the Universe dominated astronomy for 2,000 years?	Aristotle
Kepler’s second law of planetary motion states “A line from a planet to the Sun sweeps over equal areas in equal intervals of ____.”	Time
Which statement best describes a theory?	A general description of some aspect of nature that has been thoroughly tested and widely accepted
What was the most controversial issue surrounding the nature of the Universe during the Renaissance?	The position of Earth in the Universe.
Why did Copernicus hesitate to consider alternatives to the Ptolemaic Universe?	because it contradicted christian theology at the time.
The Greek philosopher who proposed that Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun was _________.	Aristarchus of Samos
Which planet did Galileo observe go through a complete set of phases, thus proving the Ptolemaic model wrong?	Venus
Newton’s first law of motion is essentially a restatement of Galileo’s law of inertia. True or False	True (chapter 5)
Spring tides occur during the new and full lunar phases. True or False	True (chapter 5)
There is no gravity in space True or False	True (chapter 5)
The second postulate of special relativity states that the speed of light, when measured in a vacuum, is constant for all observers. True or False	True (chapter 5)
Newton’s third law states that forces occur in pairs acting in the same direction. True or False	True (chapter 5)
In contradiction to the teachings of Aristotle, Galileo found that an object with no forces (and no friction) acting on it will ____.	move at a constant speed forever
The ____ of an object is a measure of the amount of matter it contains. The ____ is a measure of the gravitational force on an object	Gravitational Force/Mass
A(n) ____ orbit is one where the orbiting object is always above the same location on Earth's surface.	geosynchronous
Spring tides occur at ___.	new moon and full moon.
Einstein revolutionized modern physics by ____.	providing an explanation of gravity based on the geometry of curved space-time
Kinetic energy refers to the energy of a(n)____.	that an object or a particle has by reason of its motion.
The energy involved in the gravitational attraction between a planet and the Sun is called _______ energy.	Potential
Refracting telescopes use a mirror to gather and focus light. True or False	False (chapter 6)
Radio telescopes are often located near populated areas. True or False	False (chapter 6)
Space-based telescopes carrying long-wavelength infrared detectors must carry coolant such as liquid helium to chill their optics to near absolute zero temperature. True or False	False (chapter 6)
The Greenbank Telescope is in WV. True or False	True (chapter 6)
Visible light with wavelengths at the long-wavelength end (λ = 700 nm) appears as which color?	RED
Which type of electromagnetic wave is the shortest?	GAMMA
Which form of electromagnetic radiation is able to easily reach Earth’s surface through an atmospheric window?	RADIO
Why are X-rays and gamma rays considered dangerous forms of light?	Photons of these wavelength have high energy
Which part of a telescope is responsible for magnifying an image?	Eyepiece
What does chromatic aberration separate within refracting telescopes?	color
The ____ of a radio telescope collects and focuses radiation.	DISH
Which is the longest surviving, and most successful, space telescope?	Hubble Space Telescope (HSP)
The Very Large Array radio telescope in New Mexico is an example of the use of which astronomical technique? (Remember: Transformers)	Fourier transform
What characteristic of a telescope controls the amount of light captured by the telescope? (Remember: Beginning )	The diameter of its aperture, or opening
Which telescope is the largest refracting telescope in the world?	YERKES OBSERVATORY
Atoms are mostly empty space. True or False	False (chapter 7)
An atom that has gained one or more electrons is called an isotope. True or False	False (chapter 7)
The number of protons in the nucleus determines which element it is. True or False	True (chapter 7)
Blackbody radiation only occurs in stars. True or False	False (chapter 7)
The terms “temperature” and “heat” are synonymous. True or False	True (chapter 7)
If absorption lines of sodium are not present in a star’s spectrum, the star must not contain any sodium. True or False	False (chapter 7)
An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons is called a(n) ____.	ION
Most of the mass of an atom is ____.	concentrated in the nucleus
A neutral atom must have ____	the same number of electrons and protons.
The particle in an atom that carries a negative charge is the ____.	Electron
Atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called ____.	Isotopes
An atom must emit a photon when a(n) ____.	electron moves from a higher to a lower energy level
The photons coming from an excited gas create a(n) ____	Emission
A star like the Sun emits a(n) ____ spectrum.	Absorptions
The Doppler effect is useful in measuring the ____.	motion of an object toward or away from the observer
A spectrum that displays a smooth variation in intensity of all wavelengths without any breaks is a(n) ____ spectrum	Absorptions
The photons coming from an excited gas create a(n) ____ spectrum.	Emission
The star Betelgeuse appears red; the star Rigel appears blue. What accounts for this difference?	The surface of Betelgeuse is cooler than the surface of Rigel 1

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