Med surg electrolyte Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
What percentage of water in body weight. What percentage of water in body weight in older person | 55-60% 50-55% |
what is the pulling of water into and out of the cells by osmotic pressure | osmosis |
what requires ATP to move electrolytes against the concentration gradient into the cell membrane | active transport |
this is the movement of fluids across the capillaries | filtration |
balance is maintained through what | input and output |
fluid output occurs in what | kidneys skin lungs and gastrointestinal tract |
are the major Regulators of fluid output | the kidneys |
where is interstitial fluid located | between the cells and outside of the blood vessels |
where is transcellular body fluids located | secreted by epithelial cells cerebrospinal pleural peritoneal and synovial fluids |
intravascular fluid is | the liquid part of blood or plasma |
2/3 of fluid within the cells is called | intracellular |
in an adult average fluid intake is what and ranges from what milliliters per day | 2500 ml per day (range 1800 to 3600 ml per day) |
osmosis is | movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane draw water toward an area of Greater concentration is osmotic pressure |
substance requires assistance from a carrier molecule to pass through a semi-permeable membrane | passive and facilitated diffusion |
promotes movement of fluid and chemicals according to pressure differences | filtration |
osmoreceptors are | neurons that sends blood concentration regulates fluid volume by triggering thirst when blood concentration is high triggers pituitary to make ADH reabsorption of water |
what does osmoreceptors help you | restores normal serum osmolarity increased circulatory blood volume improves cardiac output and maintains blood pressure |
what happens when aldosterone is released in the renin-angiotensin one Angiotensin 2 aldosterone system | kidneys reabsorb sodium and increase blood pressure and blood volume |
hypovolemia what are some causes | low volume of extracellular fluid caused by vomiting, diarrhea, wounds ,profuse urination, altered intake,diuretic therapy |
when a person is hypovolemic they are usually | dehydrated |
assessment findings of hypovolemia include | thirst, furrowed tongue, concentrated urine, poor skin turgor, thready pulse, hypotension, tachycardia |
some diagnostic findings for hypovolemia would be | elevated hematocrit and blood cell count, elevated urine specific gravity, elevated serum sodium |
people with hypovolemia or at more risk for | kidney stones and blood clots |
treating ideology first is treating | the problem first |
with hypovolemia teach to | drink 8 glasses of water per day respond to thirst avoid alcohol and caffeine ,monitor vital signs ,slow position change for safety and, at least 30 ml per hour i&o |
what is hypervolemia | high volume of water in intravascular fluid compartment caused by excessive oral intake IV fluids heart failure kidney disease or adrenal gland dysfunction |
hypervolemia can lead to a fluid volume that exceeds what is normal for intravascular space and can compromise cardio pulmonary function which is called | circulatory overload |
hypervolemia diagnostic findings would be | low in blood count low urine specific gravity and hemo dilation or decreased sodium |
what would be some medical management for hypervolemia | restrict oral or peritoneal fluid, diuretics, limit sodium |
what are some assessment findings with hypervolemia | with hypervolemia weight gain of 2 lbs in 24 hours crackles with lung sounds, BP HR and resp increase, skin edematous cracks and break down |
planning and interventions for hypervolemia | monitor I and O, daily weight, administer diuretics, monitor potassium level, Elevate head of bed, prevent skin breakdown, sodium restrictions patient education |
what is third spacing | translocation of fluid from intravascular to tissue compartments |
causes for third spacing would consist of | hypoalbuminemia, burns, severe allergic reaction |
what are some diagnostic findings for third spacing | blood count borderline and hemoconcentration which would be hypovolemic, dry mouth, dizziness |
what to do for third spacing | albumin infusion helps pull trap fluid back into intravascular space and IV diuretic which reduces potential for overload |
this occurs as deficits and or excess accompanied by fluid changes | electrolyte imbalance |
what would be a cause for electrolyte imbalance | deficits, excess |
priority electrolyte imbalances | sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium |
what is the major electrolyte found outside the cell extracellularly | sodium |
what electrolyte regulates and distributes fluid volume, maintains normal nerve and muscular activity, regulates osomatic pressure, preserves acid base balance | sodium |
what are some causes for hyponatremia | profuse diaphoresis, diuresis, loss of GI secretions, Burns, Addison's disease, low sodium intake |
what are some assessment findings for hyponatremia | seizure precautions low CNS crave salt, hypothermia, tachycardia, hyperactive bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, muscular weakness, lethargy and mental confusion |
what are some causes for hypernatremia | diarrhea excessive salt intake, high fever, excessive water loss, decreased water intake |
what are some assessment findings for hypernatremia | thirst, dry sticky membranes, decreased urine output, fever, edema, irritability |
what is Semana medical management for hypernatremia | water intake IV solution of .45% NaCl or 5% dextrose and I&o, VS, dietary restrictions |
what are some functions for potassium | vital role in cell metabolism, transmission of nerve impulses, function cardiac muscle tissues, acid-base balance |
causes of hypokalemia | potassium wasting diuretics, GI tract fluid loss, corticosteroids, IV insulin and glucose |
why would insulin and glucose contribute to hyperkalemia | insulin pushes glucose as well as potassium in to cell |
what are some assessment findings for hypokalemia | mental confusion fatigue weakness nausea cardiac dysrhythmias. decreased GI Mobility, constipation and leg cramps Labs decrease serum potassium changes an electrocardiogram |
what is the medical management for hypokalemia | potassium sparing diuretics like spironolactone, k+ rich foods, supplements, , (never bolus) 5 to 10 meq per hour IV |
what kind of foods does furosemide need | avocados and fruit |
what are some causes of hyperkalemia | renal failure, potassium sparing diuretics, supplements, crushing injuries, Addison's disease, salt substitutes |
assessment findings for hyperkalemia | increased GI Mobility, nausea, restlessness irritability, cardiac dysrhythmias, lab increased serum potassium above 5 meq per liter |
what medications do you hold when testing potassium level | Loop diuretics |
Loop Diuretics excrete | potassium |
medical management for hyperkalemia | decrease k+ intake, administrate insulin and glucose, Loop diuretics, kayexalate works as laxative or peritoneal dialysis/ hemodialysis |
What is another name for sodium polystyrene sulfanate? | kayexalate, binds to k+ in Blood and poops it out profusely |
calcium function | blood clotting transmission of nerve impulses and regulated by parathyroid gland |
assessment findings for hypocalcemia | circumoral paresthesia, tetany and cramps with muscle twitches, +chevostek's sign Voz-stek, Trousseau's sign (Tru-so),decreased myocardial contractility |
what is circumoral paresthesia | tingling of extremities and areas around the mouth |
what is tetany | muscle twitches |
what is positive Chevostek's sign (Voz-Stek) | tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching |
what is trousseaus sign | hand finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation, excited nerves |
causes of hypercalcemia | parathyroid tumors, multiple fractures, prolonged immobilization |
hypercalcemia what happens to the calcium | goes out of the bone and into the blood |
assessment findings for hypercalcemia | deep bone pain, constipation, mental changes, decrease memory and attention span |
medical management for hypercalcemia | IV sodium chloride and Furosemide to excrete CA in urine, calcitonin, corticosteroids |
functions of magnesium | transmission of nerve impulses, activate enzyme systems including functions of vitamin B |
normal range for magnesium | 1.3 to 2.1 |
hypomagnesemia can result from | alcoholism, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal disease, Loop diuretics, Burns, malnutrition |
assessment findings for hypomagnesemia | tachycardia, Harris thesis, neuromuscular irritability, hypertension, mental changes |
medical management for hypomagnesemia | oral or IV magnesium (calcium gluconate antidote for magnesium sulfate), diet supplements that may cause (diarrhea or worsen mag depletion), foods rich in magnesium, discontinue Loop diuretics |
foods that are rich in magnesium | green leafy veggies, whole grains, nuts, cocoa, chocolate, soybeans, Seafood, dried beans |
assessment findings for hypermagnesemia | vasodilation , Flushing, lethargy, bradycardia, coma |
causes for hypermagnesemia | renal failure, Addison's disease, excessive anti-acid or laxative use, hyperparathyroidism |
medical management for hypermagnesemia | decrease oral magnesium, mechanical ventilation if resp failure occurs, hemodialysis if severe |
quickly if pH is outside of the range of | 6.8 to 7.8 |
normal pH is | normal pH is 7.35 to 7.45 |
the more hydrogen ions in a solution the more | acidic it is |
the body maintains normal pH by two mechanisms | chemical and organ |
regular carbon dioxide or paco2 levels are between | 35-45 |
carbonate levels or hco3 is | 21 to 28 |
the lungs put off CO2 which is a | acid |
kidneys put off hco3 which is a | base and alkaline |
chemical mechanism to maintain normal pH | add or remove hydrogen ions first line of defense responds quickly to change in pH |
either bind or release H+ ions | bicarbonate carbonic acid buffer system |
carbonic acid formula | H2CO3 acid |
bicarbonate formula | hco3 Base neutralizes acid |
what is the second line of defense | lungs regulate carbonic acid levels by releasing or conserving CO2 increases decreases resp rate |
decreases H+ ions | hyperventilation |
increases H+ ions opioids COPD | hypoventilation |
what is the third line of defense | kidneys regulate bicarbonate levels much slower takes 24 to 48 hours to kick in this is a metabolic system |
during the third line of defense with bicarbonate levels High H+ ions indicate | bicarbonate reabsorption and production |
during the third line of defense bicarbonate levels low H+ ions indicate | bicarbonate excretion |
where do you draw blood for arterial blood gases ABG s | from the artery is a main tool for measuring blood pH CO2 content and bicarbonate |
CO2 content equals | paco2 |
acidosis occurs with excessive accumulation of CO2 or excessive loss of hco3 in body fluids too much acid or too little Bass | alkalosis occurs with excessive accumulation of face or loss of acid and body fluids |
CO2 levels out of range is | respiratory |
hco3 levels out of range is | metabolic |
metabolic acidosis is when | normal CO2 decreased hco3 and pH lower than 7.35 |
causes for metabolic acidosis | shock/cardiac arrest= lactic acid starvation of fatty acid, DKA, (renal failure - no bicarb),ASAoverdose,loss of GI fluid, wound drainage, hyperkalemia - bs and K+high causing kidney malfunction |
assessment findings for metabolic acidosis | KUSSMAUL'S breathing, nausea headache flushing abdominal pain muscle weakness |
What is Kassmaul's breathing | fast and deep breathing from diabetic ketoacidosis |
medical treatment for metabolic acidosis | replace fluid and electrolytes IV bicarbonate for kidney patient not making enough bicarb |
metabolic alkalosis results in | PH above 7 .45 normal CO2 and increased hco3 |
causes for metabolic alkalosis | excessive bicarbonate, anti acid drugs, diuretic therapy, vomiting gastric suctioning |
assessment findings for metabolic alkalosis | tachycardia dysrhythmias numbness tingling confusion ineffective breathing due to muscle weakness |
medical treatment for metabolic alkalosis | fluid electrolyte replacement and antiemetics |
respiratory acidosis | PH lower than 35, increased CO2, normal hco3 |
causes of respiratory acidosis | hypoventilation |
assessment findings for respiratory acidosis | tachypnea cardiac dysrhythmias irritability confusion, slow rapid breathing, warm and flush skin |
medical management for respiratory acidosis | provide oxygen repositioning Airway suctioning bronchodilators |
respiratory alkalosis values | pH above 7 .45, decreased CO2, normal hco3 |
causes for Respiratory alkalosis | hyperventilation |
assessment findings for Respiratory alkalosis | anxiety tingling numbness, chest pain palpitations, rapid deep breathing |
medical treatment for Respiratory alkalosis | rebreathe expelled air through bag, anxiety reduction techniques |
the concentration of substances in the blood | hemoconcentration |
when would a nurse anticipate administering salt tablets | during mild deficits of serum sodium |
if a client's parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during a procedure which condition should the nurse prepare for | hypocalcemia |
when someone has hypovolemia they should avoid | they should avoid consuming alcohol and caffeine |
what medication should the nurse monitor a client for lowered serum sodium and potassium levels | diuretics |
ignition might cause respiratory alkalosis | rapid breathing |
Created by:
KesleyNRTC
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