Genetics Final Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Bacteriophages | Viruses that infect bacteria and take over their cellular biochemistry to make them produce more viruses |
Hershey and Chase | Radioactively labelled some phages and let them infect bacteria cultures. Found no viral DNA in the fluid, but did in the infected bacterial cells. Showed that DNA and not protein was hereditary material |
In what organisms is RNA the hereditary material? | Certain animal, bacterial, and plant viruses |
Three parts of a nucleotide | Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base |
Difference between deoxyribose and ribose | Ribose has one more oxygen and deoxyribose |
Purine structure | Double ring |
Pyrimidine structure | Single ring |
Nucleoside | Sugar and a base |
Phosphodiester bonds | Phosphate groups link together the sugars in a polynucleotide chain |
What holds A and T together? | Two hydrogen bonds |
What holds C and G together? | Three hydrogen bonds |
Oligomers | Short DNA molecules of defined sequences |
A DNA | Closest to DNA in cells. Right-handed, short and wide |
B DNA | Watson and Crick model. Right-handed. Long and thin. |
Z DNA | Left-handed. Zigzag sugar phosphate backbone. |
RNA in cell | Single stranded |
RNA secondary structure | Regions of double-stranded RNA separated by short segments of unpaired RNA |
Prokaryote genome | Single circular chromosome |
Organelle genomes | Mitochondrial in all eukaryotes and chloroplast in plants |
What do viruses consist of? | Nucleic acid fragments surrounded by proteins |
Virus genetic material | Can be single stranded or double stranded, RNA or DNA, circular or linear |
Genome of T-even bacteriophage | Single linear chromosome of double stranded DNA, surrounded by protein coat, with chromosome in head of phage |
Genome of X174 phage | Single circular chromosome of single stranded DNA |
Genome of lambda phage | Linear chromosome of double stranded DNA, when it infects a cell it becomes circular due to sticky ends pairing together, becomes linear again when it reproduces |
RNA virus | Virus that either uses RNA as genetic material or whose genetic material passes through an RNA intermediate |
Hepatitis B virus | Genome is double stranded DNA but is transcribed into RNA during replication |
Plasmid | When the minor chromosome is dispensable to the life of the prokaryotic cell |
Chromosome in archaea and bacteria | Arranged as a dense supercoiled clump in a membraneless nucleoid region |
Negative supercoiling | Twisting left-handed against helical conformation. Untwisted so it has fewer twists |
Positive supercoiling | Twisted right-handed even tighter until the helix knots. More twists added |
Topoisomerases | Enzymes that control DNA supercoiling |
Why do chromosomes become compacted? | DNA is organized into looped domains |
C value | Amount of DNA comprising the haploid genome of a species |
C-value paradox | There is often no correlation between C value and evolutionary complexity |
Nucleosomes | DNA wound around histone proteins |
What connects nucleosomes? | Linker DNA and linker histone |
Beads-on-a-string | 10-nm nucleofilament chromatin fiber |
30-nm chromatin fiber | Nucleosomes wound together and bound by H1 linker histone. Solenoid model |
What are SARs | Scaffold-associated regions. Stretches of DNA that bind to nonhistone proteins to determine loops in a chromosome scaffold |
700-nm fiber | Scaffolded chromosome |
Euchromatin | Regions of the chromosome that show the normal cycle of chromosome condensation (beads-on-a-string). Can be expressed |
Heterochromatin | Regions of chromosomes that usually remain condensed. Usually inactive |
Constitutive heterochromatin | Present in all cells at identical positions on both homolouges. Mostly repetitive DNA and exemplified by centromere regions |
Facultative heterochromatin | Varies in state. Condensed sections of euchromatin such as a Barr body |
Barr body | Inactivated X chromosome in somatic cells of XX female mammals |
Centromeres | Accurate segregation of replicated chromosomes into daughter cells |
Telomeres | Constitutive heterochromatic. Provide chromosome ends with stability. Sequences loop back to form t-loop. |
Unique-sequence DNA | One to a few copies in a genome |
Moderately repetitive DNA | A few to 10 to the fifth copies in genome |
Highly repetitive DNA | 10 to the fifth to 10 to the seventh copies in genome |
Dispersed repeated or interspersed repeated | DNA sequences arranged at irregular intervals within genome |
Tandemly repeated | DNA sequences clustered together so they repeat many times in a row |
What are SINEs? | Short interspersed repeated sequences. Sequences are 100-500 bp in length |
What are LINEs? | Long interspersed repeated sequences. >5000 bp in length |
Created by:
iragland
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