OPT Endocrine Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Term | Definition |
feedback inhibition | increased activity of target tissue down regulates secreting gland |
pituitary gland | bean-shaped gland at base of brain, connected to hypothalamus |
adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of the pituitary; secretes FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH |
neurohypophysis | posterior lobe of the pituitary; secretes {ADH} and {oxytocin} |
1. visual field abnormalities 2. elevated intracranial pressure | symptoms of pituitary mass effects: |
prolactinoma | most common type of hyper functioning pituitary adenoma; amenorrhea, lactation, infertility |
growth hormone-producing adenomas | excess GH causes {gigantism} before epiphyses close and {acromegaly} if after closure; neoplasms of somatotrophs |
Cushing syndrome | neoplasm of corticotroph cells that make ACTH causes hypercortisolism |
gonadotroph adenoma | neoplasm of excess LH or FSH |
thyrotroph adenomas | neoplasm of excess TSH |
hypopituitarism | usually acquired diseases intrinsic to the pituitary |
nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas | neoplasms that mostly exhibit mass effects |
ischemic necrosis of the anterior pituitary | most commonly seen in {Sheehan syndrome} after pregnancy |
ablation of pituitary by surgery or radiation | pituitary hypo function from inflammatory conditions |
pituitary dwarfism | ablation of pituitary gland can cause a GH deficiency in children and they fail to grow |
posterior pituitary syndromes | clinically important syndromes that involve ADH that is usually released when decreased water concentration in plasma |
diabetes insipidus | ADH deficiency causes excessive urination because kidney does not resorb water; polydipsia and polyuria |
central diabetes insipidus | type of diabetes insipidus from ADH deficiency |
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus | type of diabetes insipidus from renal tubular unresponsiveness but normal ADH levels |
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) | excess ADH production so resorption of excessive water; most commonly from ectopic ADH secretion from tumors and head trauma |
thyroid | net result of hormones is to increase basal metabolic rate -disorders can be excess (hyperthyroidism), deficiency (hypothyroidism) and mass lesions |
hyperthyroidism | most common cause of thyrotoxicosis; hyper metabolic state from elevated T3 and T4 |
thyroid storm | abrupt onset of hyperthyroidism; medical emergency |
primary hyperthyroidism | decreased levels of TSH but increased T3 and T4 levels |
Graves disease | most common cause of endogenous hyperthyroidism; an autoimmune disorder |
1. thyrotoxicosis 2. ophthalmopathy 3. dermopathy | triad of Grave's disease |
exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs |
pretibial myxedema | scaly thickening and orange peel texture seen in Grave's disease, especially on shins |
hypothyroidism | deficient production of thyroid hormones |
cretinism | hypothyroidism in childhood from lack of iodine; kids have skeletal and CNS issues |
myxedema | hypothyroidism in older children and adults; apathy, mental sluggishness, obesity |
primary hypothyroidism | serum TSH increased because of loss of feedback inhibition from thyroid |
chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto) thyroiditis | most common cause of hypothyroid disease in areas of the world where iodine is in sufficient quantities -autoimmune destruction of thyroid cells and replacement by lymphocytic cells |
1. cytokine-mediated cell death 2. CD8 cytotoxic T-cell mediated cell death 3. antithyroid antibodies | thyrocyte death in Hashimoto's by: |
hashitoxicosis | hypothyroidism preceded by transient thyrotoxicosis from disruption of thyroid follicles |
diffuse and multinodular goiter | enlargement of thyroid from impaired synthesis of thyroid hormones from lack of iodine |
superior vena cava syndrome | goiter that compresses vessels in neck and upper thorax |
1. activation of proto-oncogene RET by chromosomal rearrangement 2. germline mutations | unique to thyroid cancers: |
papillary carcinoma | most common type of thyroid neoplasm from radiation exposure; chromosomal rearrangement of {RET proto-oncogene} resulting in {RET/PTC fusion protein} -{NTRK1 and BRAF mutations activate MAP kinase pathway} |
follicular carcinoma | thyroid neoplasm from iodine deficiency |
medullary carcinoma | most cases are sporadic but some found in MEN 2A and B; caused by {germline RET mutations |
anaplastic carcinoma | one of the most aggressive human cancers; in older patients with history of goiter |
parathyroid glands | 4 glands at corners of thyroid; composed of {chief cells} and {oxyphil cells} that secrete parathyroid hormone |
parathyroid hormone | hormone that is controlled by free calcium levels in the bloodstream, not the pituitary |
1. increase osteoclast activity 2. convert Vit. D to active form 3. increase Ca reabsorption in kidneys | 3 ways PTH increases calcium levels |
hyperparathyroidism | on radiograph, bone looks like {ground (frosted) glass} and is osteoporotic |
osteitis fibrosa cystica | replacement of resorbed bone by fibrous tissue with cysts; from hyperparathyroidism |
brown tumors of hyperparathyroidism | aggregates of osteoclasts, giant cells and hemorrhagic debris |
metastatic calcification | can be secondary to hypercalcemia |
primary hyperparathyroidism | one of the most common endocrine disorders; causes {hypercalcemia} and often brought on by a parathyroid adenoma -painful bones, renal stones, abdominal groans and psychic moans |
secondary hyperparathyroidism | chronic calcium depression, usually from {renal failure} |
renal osteodystrophy | bone abnormalities seen in patients with renal failure and hyperparathyroidism |
tertiary hyperparathyroidism | parathyroid activity becomes autonomous and excessive |
hypoparathyroidism | much less common than hyperparathyroidism; hypocalcemia, muscle spasms, dental abnormalities |
DiGeorge syndrome | congenitally missing parathyroid glands that causes symptoms of hypoparathyroidism |
adrenal gland | paired organs with cortex and medulla; makes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex steroids |
adrenal medulla | contains chromaffin cells that make catecholamines, mainly epinephrine |
1. hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) 2. hyperaldosteronism 3. adrenogenital syndromes | 3 clinical syndromes of adrenocortical hyperfunction (hyperadrenalism) |
Cushing syndrome (hypercortisolism) | any elevation of glucocorticoids; buffalo hump, moon faces, truncal obesity, hypertension and weight gain |
primary adrenocortical hyperplasia or neoplasm | autonomous adrenal function independent of the levels of ACTH |
primary hypothalamic-pituitary disease aka Cushing disease | over-secretion of ACTH with increased skin pigmentation |
secretion of ectopic ACTH by non-pituitary neoplasms | small-cell lung carcinomas can have this effect |
hyperaldosteronism | excess aldosterone causes sodium retention and potassium excretion--leads to hypertension and hypokalemia |
secondary hyperaldosteronism | accompanied by increased levels or renin |
primary hyperaldosteronism / Conn's syndrome | caused by an aldosterone-producing neoplasm with low renin levels |
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) | recessive defect in an enzyme for adrenal steroid biosynthesis with an increase in ACTH; type of adrenogenital syndrome |
21-hydroxylase deficiency | most common enzymatic defect in CAH; required for cortisol and aldosterone |
adrenal insufficiency | only apparent if 90% compromised; can be acute, chronic, or secondary insufficiency |
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome | massive adrenal hemorrhage secondary to sepsis that can cause acute adrenal insufficiency |
chronic adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison Disease) | progressive destruction of adrenal cortex with increase in ACTH and pigmentation |
1. autoimmune adrenalitis 2. tuberculosis 3. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 4. metastatic cancers | causes of chronic adrenocortical insufficiency |
secondary adrenocortical insufficiency | any disorder that reduces ACTH production; aldosterone levels and pigmentation remain normal |
adrenal adenomas | benign adrenal tumors with little consequence |
adrenocortical carcinoma | rare adrenal tumors that are very metastatic (most tumors in adrenal cortex are not primary tumors) |
pheochromocytoma | neoplasms of chromaffin cells that release catecholamines, hypertension; uses rule of 10's (10% outside adrenal gland, 10% bilateral, 10% malignant) |
multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes | group of dominantly inherited diseases resulting in proliferative lesions of endocrine glands |
MEN 2 | both Type 2A and 2B have gain-of-function mutations of RET proto-oncogene |
multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A | involve the thyroid (medullary carcinoma of the thyroid), adrenal medulla (adrenal pheochromocytomas) and parathyroid gland |
multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B | distinct germline mutation of one amino acid; like MEN 2A but no parathyroid symptoms -also get {mucosal neuromas} and {ganglioneuromas} |
Created by:
aharnold
Popular Science sets