Peds 2 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
*What position should a patient be in post heart catheterization? | Have the affected limb kept flat and straight |
Post-heart catheterization your patients affected limb has mottled skin and is cool to the touch, what is a possible complication? | arterial obstruction |
Post-heart catheterization your patient has a dropping blood pressure and sanguineous drainage at the site of insertion, what complication do you suspect? | hemorrhage |
What are the two types of heart defects and what is the difference between them? | congenital (defect the patient is born with) and acquired (defect the patient develops after birth) |
What are the four classifications of congenital heart defects? | increased pulmonary blood flow (acyanotic), decreased pulmonary blood flow (cyanotic), obstruction of blood flow, and mixed blood flow |
Classify and Describe Atrial Septal Defect | CHD-increased pulmonary blood flow; a hole between the two atrial chambers of the heart. s/s murmur, fatigue, HF symptoms |
classify and describe ventricular septal defect (symptoms) | CHD-increased pulmonary blood flow; hole between the two ventricular chamber of the heart/ s/s murmur, cardiomegaly, HF symptoms |
classify and describe atrioventricular canal defect | CHD-increased pulmonary blood flow; low ASD with a high VSD, plus fusion of the AV valves forms one central AV valve that allows blood flow through all 4 chambers of the heart. s/s mod-severe HF, loud murmur, cyanosis |
classify and describe patent ductus arteriosus as a heart defect (and treatment options) | CHD-increased pulmonary blood flow; a bridge between the pulmonary and aorta present from birth (normally closes at 28 days); tx: meds or surgery |
classify and describe coarction of the aorta | CHD-obstructive defect; narrowing of the aortic artery. tx: surgery |
classify and describe aortic stenosis | CHD- obstructive defect; narrowing in the aortic valve |
classify and describe pulmonary stenosis | CHD-obstructive defect; narrowing of the pulmonary valve |
*What are the 4 components of tetralogy of fallot | 1. pulmonary stenosis (narrowed pulmonary valve) 2. right ventricular hypertrophy (boot shaped) 3. overriding aorta (centrally located aorta) 4. ventricular septal defect (hole between ventricles) |
what is an overriding aorta | centrally located aorta |
what is hypertrophy of the right ventricle | over developed right ventricle |
classify and describe tetralogy of fallot | CHD-decreased pulmonary; overriding aorta, hypertrophy of the R. ventricle, ventricle septal defect, pulmonary stenosis |
classify and describe tricuspid atresia | CHD-decreased pulmonary; valve between right atrium and ventricle is not developed |
classify and describe hypoplastic left heart (tx and 02 considerations) | CHD-mixed defect; underdeveloped left ventricle. tx- transplant/ compassionate care DO NOT GIVE O2 |
Describe endocarditis | acquired defect: infection of the inner lining of the heart; also usually affects the bowel |
*describe rheumatic heart disease | bacterial infection triggers autoimmune response that damages the valves of the heart |
Acute rheumatic fever manifestations and treatment | rheumatic rash, inflamed joints, speech issues, sporadic movements. Tx the inflammation and pain |
describe Kawaski disease | systemic inflammatory disease; causes painful strawberry tongue and peeling on the hands and feet |
3 phases of kawaski's diease | acute: conjunctivitis; sub-acute: skin on hands and feet peel, "strawberry tongue"; increased risk of aneurysms. third phase: symptoms start to resolve |
Upper respiratory infection affect which structures | Nose and pharynx |
What is nasopharyngitis | Common cold |
Lower respiratory infections affect which structures | bronchi and bronchioles |
Croup syndromes affect which structures | epiglottis, larynx, trachea, and bronchi |
Manifestations of pharyngitis | Inflamed and painful pharynx; may have white exudate in throat |
What is a common secondary complication of tonsillitis | otitis media (ear infection) |
Diet considerations for a patient post-tonsillectomy | Soft diet only; no red foods |
*What is the biggest complication post-tonsillectomy; and what are the signs of this complication | Risk for bleeding (24 hours and 10 days out; excess swallowing, occult blood in stool; scabs in throat fall out (bleeding is a medical emergency) |
What is a common complication of influenza | Bacterial lung infection 2nd to excess fluid in lungs from the influenza virus |
Treatment for respiratory viruses like pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, and influenza. | Therapeutic management, fluids, humidifier air, watch for secondary infections |
Signs of otitis media in younger children | Pull at ear, ear pain, mild fever, inflamed tympanic membrane |
Symptoms of croup syndrome | Barking cough, inspiratory strider, hoarseness, and fever |
What are the 5 different croup syndromes | Acute epiglottis, acute laryngitis, acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB), acute spasmodic laryngitis, and bacterial tracheitis |
*What is the major concern for a patient with acute epiglottitis | RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION: if the epiglottis is inflamed it can't open the airway *Medical Emergency |
Which vaccine can prevent acute epiglottitis | Hib vaccine |
Describe acute laryngitis | Dry/sore throat, hoarse voice. Usually self-limiting |
What age does acute largynotracheobronchitis (LTB) affect most commonly | Children less than 5 |
Describe the process of acute LTB | Inflamed larynx, trachea, and bronchi causes barking cough, inspiratory stridor, retractions, and mild hypoxia |
Treatment for acute LTB | Hydration, humidifier O2, nebulized steroids and epinephrine to open airways |
Describe acute spasmodic laryngitis | "Midnight Croup" intermittent attacks of laryngeal obstruction mainly at night. Most common in toddlers |
Treatment for midnight croup | Humidifier air; avoid cold air. Epinephrine if severe |
Symptomology of bacterial tracheitis | Infection of the mucosa of the upper trachea; affects trachea and epiglottis. Presents with purulent respiratory secretions |
What is a possible cause of bacterial tracheitis | Secondary infection from acute LTB |
Common symptoms of RSV | Wheezing/crackles, conjunctivitis (non-contagious), dehydration, nasal stuffiness, increased secretions |
How is RSV diagnosed | Nasal secretion culture |
*How is RSV treated | SUCTION (clear airways of secretions), cool O2, fluids, saline suction |
What is a common cause of pneumonia in infants | aspiration pneumonia from improper feeding positions |
What are common symptoms of Pertussis | Whooping cough, severe cough, cold-like symptoms, and fever |
*Treatment of Pertussis and precautions | Antibiotics; isolation precautions |
Diagnoses of TB | TB skin test, chest x ray, or blood test |
Treatment of TB and precautions | 6 months regimen of multi-drug antibiotics; airborne precautions (neg-airflow room with N95 filter mask) |
Toddler are at risk of this lower respiratory complication; and prevention | Foreign body aspiration; educate the parents |
Common causes of aspiration infections | Baby powder, baby oil, nose drops, small toys, chunks of food, aspirated milk/formula from feedings |
Describe asthma | Triggered by a specific allergen; inflammation of the trachea and bronchi with mucus production; immune regulated |
Describe "wheezing" in asthma | "musical;" usually heard on expiration |
*Interventions for asthma kids | Encourage exercise for endurance, RT to loosen mucous, hyposensitization (theory) |
*What is status asthmaticus and how is it treated | Asthma attack that persists even after treatment; TX with epinephrine 0.01mg/kg |
*What are the 3 characteristics of CF | Increased, thick mucous production. Increased sweat electrolytes. Nervous system abnormalities. |
Diagnoses of CF | sweat-test: sodium will be 2-5 times greater than normal |
*meconium ileus is an indicator of what | Cystic Fibrosis in newborns (thick meconium that causes a bowel obstruction in the newborn); or hirschsprung disease (lack of peristalsis causes constipation) |
Intermediate respiratory involvement in CF patients | Risk for lung infections; increased mucous makes gas exchange difficult (= hypoxia), increased lung pressure can lead to CHF |
Advanced respiratory involvement in CF patients | Pulmonary HTN, Core pulmonale (blood backs up into the heart), pneumothorax (collapsed lung), hemoptysis (coughing up blood) |
GI involvement in CF patients (and stool description) | Mucous build up obstructs pancreas and blocks digestive enzymes, *stools are bulky, frothy, and foul-smelling (from impaired fat & protein absorption) |
Endocrine involvement in CF patients | Increased risk for diabetes, sterility in males and decreased fertility in females, delayed onset of puberty |
Presentation of CF patients | Undigested food in stools, frequent lung infections, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances |
Treatment for CF | manage lung infections, RT for inhaled meds and to loosen mucous, replace pancreatic enzymes, high protein and fat diets, and G-tube to supplement |
Two types of respiratory failure | Hypoxic RF = not enough O2 can get in; hyperbaric RF = CO2 can't get out |
What is tracheal malasia and what is the risk | The trachea in young children does not have hard cartilage and puts them at increased risk of collapsed airways |
What is poisuelle's law | Children have decreased airway diameters = increased risk of obstruction; increased airway resistance, and increased respiratory distress with inflammation |
*Define isotonic dehydration; Na+ blood levels and associated risks | Fluid and electrolytes are lost in equal amounts; Na+ levels stay normal; *Hypovolemic Shock |
*Define hypotonic dehydration; Na+ blood levels, and risks | electrolyte loss is greater than fluid loss; Na+ is low (<130); risk for hyponatremia |
*Define hypertonic dehydration; Na+ blood levels, and associated risk | Fluid loss is greater than electrolyte loss; Na+ is high (>150); *most dangerous kind of dehydration r/t neurological involvement |
The "stomach flu" | gastroenteritis |
Describe acute diarrhea and possible causes | Sudden onset diarrhea, last less than 2 weeks. Usually r/t antibiotics or GI infection |
Describe chronic diarrhea and possible causes | Diarrhea lasting >14 days. Usually r/t food allergies, irritable bowel disease, or chronic bowel disease |
Describe intractable diarrhea of infancy | Usually occurs in 0-2 months of life, has no known cause and treatments don't work (can be life-threatening) |
*Nursing considerations for patients with C-diff | Have to WASH HANDS; no sanitizer use |
*When should a newborn pass the first meconium by | 24-48 hours after birth |
What diseases may be indicated in a newborn has not passed meconium in 48 hours after birth | Hirschsprung disease or CF |
What is encopresis | Stooling "accidents" |
Treatment of constipation | increase fiber, stool softeners, bowel schedules, increase fluids |
Describe Hirschsprung disease | No neuroganglia on a portion of the intestines = no peristalsis through that area |
Complications of hirschsprung disease | GI obstruction (fecal matter clogs bowels); Megacolon (colon loses elasticity and tone) |
*Manifestations of hirschsprungs disease | Failure to pass meconium within 48 hours of birth, FTT, constipation, *thin ribbon-like stools that are foul smelling |
Diagnoses of hirschsrung disease | Rectal biopsy |
Treating hirschsprung disease | Fiber, fluids, enemas, stool softeners. Surgery to remove portion of bowel |
Where is mcburney's point? | Lower right quadrant; acute appendicitis |
Current jelly stools | Meckel Diverticulum and Intussusception |
Meckel Diverticulum | A band connecting the intestine to the umbilicus |
Crohn's disease | Involves all layers of the GI and can occur anywhere in the GI tract |
Ulcerative colitis | Involves mucous layer of the GI in the Large intestine ONLY. Has blood/mucous stools. Pain before stools and relieved after |
Labs for inflammatory bowel flare up | ESR, CRP |
During IBD flare up what is the diet | NPO with TPN |
TPN is hard on which organ | Liver |
causes of Acute Hepatitis | contaminated food, needle sharing, sexual contact, exchange of body fluids, tattoos, piercings. "If it ends in a vowel it came from the bowel" A&E = contaminated food |
Biliary atresia | Bile backs up and destroys the liver |
Symptoms of biliary Artesia | Jaundice, itching, swelling of liver, bruising, off-white stools |
Procedure for biliary Artesia | Kasai procedure: resect hepatic port to drain bile duct & possible liver transplant (cirrhosis) |
Considerations for cleft palate | No pacifiers, special bottles; surgery at 12-18 months |
Tracheoesophageal Fistual (TEF) 3 C's and considerations | Coughing, choking, cyanosis. NO FEEDING until after surgical correction |
Complications of Hernias | Strangulation and encapsulation (loss of blood flow to the area) |
Pyloric stenosis | Thickened pyloric sphincter; *projectile vomiting |
Intussusception | A portion of the intestine runs into another portion of the intestine |
Symptoms of intussusception | Sudden severe abdominal pain, vomiting, currant jelly stools |
Malrotation and Volvulus | Bowel wraps around mesenteric artery cutting off blood flow. Needs immediate surgery |
Celiac disease, need to avoid | Wheat, rye, barley, and oats |
Anemia | Decreased RBC cells circulated in blood due to decreased production, increased destruction, or RBC loss. Decreases O2 carrying capacity of the blood |
Treat anemia | Treat underlying cause of anemia (decreased RBC production; increased RBC destruction; RBC loss) |
Sickle cell anemia | RBC CLUMP together and cause PAIN (especially joints) |
Treating sickle cell | Fluids (NO anticoagulants), HEAT packs |
Considerations for sickle cell | Risk of infection; risk of Hypovolemic shock if blood pools in spleen (*get a spleenectomy after 1yr old) |
Sickle cell crisis | Triggered from stress; increase in severity where RBC clump and block circulation; PAIN |
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia (ITP) | decrease in platelets; Petechia, bruising, blood pooling in spleen (spleenectomy after 1 year)*NO Contact sports |
Diagnosing leukemia | Bone marrow aspiration |
Chemo diet | Eat whatever you like |
what organ does chemo most affect and related monitoring interventions | chemo is renal toxic - monitor I&Os |
First phase of Leukemia therapy | Induction therapy 4-6 weeks |
Second phase of leukemia therapy | CNS prophylactic therapy (prevent leukemia from getting into the CNS) |
Third phase of leukemia therapy | Intensification/Consolidation therapy (eradicate resistant cells- Heavy chemo) |
Fourth phase of leukemia therapy | Maintenance therapy (preserve remission 2-3 years) |
Leukemia labs to go home | Neutrophil has be above 500 to go home |
Hodgkins lymphoma | nontender, firm, enlarged lymphs |
Dx of Hodgkin lymphoma | Lymph biopsy |
considerations for chemotherapy treatments | antineoplastic drugs; all bodily fluids are BIOHAZARD and go in yellow box; wear special chemo gloves |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Affects all nodes; may not have enlarged nodes; not a great outcome |
Growth hormone deficiency | young bone age, short, overweight, youthful features |
diagnosing HGH deficiency | bone age x ray; HGH blood test |
Precocious puberty | early onset puberty (secondary sex traits); before age 8 in girls and 9 in boys |
Hypothyroidism | decelerated growth, constipation, dry skin, edema, fatigue |
Tx hypothyroidism | synthroid (levothyroxine) *give on empty stomach |
Hyperthyroidism | goiter (enlarged thyroid), restlessness, weight loss, heat intolerance, difficulty sleeping |
Tx hyperthyroidism | antithyroid meds, radioactive iodine, or thyroidectomy |
Thyrotoxicosis (aka thyroid crisis) | sudden release of hormones from thyroid following stress. Tx with antithyroid meds and BP meds |
Effects of steroid use | Females: hair growth, masculinization. Males: aggressiveness, testicular atrophy, breast development |
Cushings syndrome | result of prolonged steroid use; increase in blood glucose, increased hair growth, moon face, slow wound healing, abdominal weight, ecchymosis (bruising) |
Tx Cushings syndrome | *No abrupt withdrawal from steroids (causes adrenal insufficiency in kidneys; wean off steroids |
Diabetes (type 1) | beta cells destroyed; no insulin production; insulin dependent |
Causes of type 1 DM | genetics, environmental trigger, and autoimmune response |
Functions of pancreas | endocrine function (insulin & glycogen production) and digestive function (enzyme production) |
Symptoms of DM 1 | polyuria, polyphagia, polypepsia |
Signs of ketoacidosis | fruity breath, Kussmauls respirations, dehydration, vomiting. (*may look like the gastroenteritis) |
Kussmaul's respirations | long expiration to blow off CO2 (indicates DKA) |
Tx hypoglycemia | fast acting carb (15g/15 minutes) follow with long-acting carbs |
signs of increased cranial pressure | headache, vomiting, seizures, "neuro-cry" (high pitched scream), bulging fontanel, distended scalp veins, "setting sun" eyes |
LOC- confusion | impaired decision making- 1 |
LOC- disorientation | to time and place - 2 |
LOC - lethargy | sluggish speech - 3 |
LOC- Obtundation | arouses with stimuli - 4 |
LOC- stupor | responds only to vigorous and repeated stimuli - 5 |
LOC- coma | does not respond to stimuli - 6 |
LOC- persistent vegetative state | permanently loss of cerebral cortex function - 7 |
Pediatric Glasgow scale assessment | eyes, verbal, motor response (3-15 scale) |
A peds patient has a Glasgow score of 8 - what is their LOC | coma |
Flexion posturing | rigid and stiff - arms pulls in, chin tucked down, toes pointed hard |
Extension posturing | rigid and stiff - arms straight, wrists bend out, knees together, calves apart, toes pointed |
EEG | studies brain function |
Considerations for increased cranial pressure | *DO NOT perform lumbar puncture (may cause hemorrhaging) |
acceleration-deceleration injury aka? | Ku-Contra-Ku injury: brain hits front of skull then back of skull = head injury |
Epidural hematoma | bleeding outside the cranial dural sac between the dura and the skull |
subderal hematoma | bleeding inside the cranial dural sac |
a patient who suffered a head injury now has a running nose, what test are you going to do | glucose test on the secretions; +glucose=cerebral fluid |
why are CNS tumors hard to treat | chemo does not cross blood-brain barrier |
considerations for CNS tumors | risk for infection, risk for seizures, watch for neuro-deficit, monitor neuro status q4h |
Bacterial Meningitis | acute inflammation of CNS from a bacterial infection --**Medical emergency |
what isolation is used for bacterial meningitis | droplet |
DX for bacterial meningitis | lumbar puncture |
considerations for bacterial meningitis | increase head of bed, seizure precaution, decreased stimuli |
non-bacterial meningitis | caused by virus; tx the symptoms (less deadly than bacterial meningitis) |
when is epilepsy diagnosed | two or more *unprovoked seizures |
focal seizure | aka absent seizure: no loss of consciousness, blank stare, hearing noises |
phases of a generalized seizure | tonic, clonic, postical |
tonic phase | loss of consciousness, constant muscle contraction |
clonic phase | altering muscle contraction and relaxation |
postical phase | confusion, return to consciousness |
seizure precautions | padded bed rails, bed low to floor, suction at bedside, O2 available |
your patient is having a seizure what do you do | place on side, maintain patent airway, nothing in the mouth, do not restrain |
hydrocephalus | increased cerebral fluid around the brain (associated with myelomenigocele spina bifida) |
Tx for hydrocephalus | V-P shunt (drain cerebral fluid into abdomen) |
V-P shunt complications | infection, kinking, clogging (hydrocephalus) |
signs of infection in a V-P shunt | erythema along neck/abdomen on the shunt line, return of hydrocephalus symptoms, fever, pain |
Consideration for ALL neuro patients | Report changes in LOC immediately |
Cerebral palsy | non-progressive disorder affecting motor function, caused by a variety of different things |
Tx for cerebral palsy | long-tern PT and adaptive equiptment |
Trisomy 21 | "down syndrome" flat forehead, short limbs, protruding tongue, wide hand crease |
Considerations for downs syndrome patients | increased risk of congenital heart defects and leukemia |
developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) | shallow socket joint at the hip |
signs of DDH | shortened femur, uneven gluteal folds, hip click, limiting abduction of hip |
screening for DDH | ortolani-barlow test (adduction & abduction of hip) |
Tx for DDH | Pavlik harness/spica cast (holds in abduction); surgery 6-18 months |
Muscular dystrophy | muscle degeneration and wasting (genetic) |
most common muscular dystrophy | Duchenne's (only males) |
when does duchenne's MD start | 3-4 years |
Signs of muscular dystrophy | delayed walking (>18 months), walking on toes with toes turned inwards, gowers maneuver |
gowers maneuver | when in a bent position the patient needs to walk hands up the body in order to stand (sign of muscular dystrophy) |
end stages of muscular dystrophy | gradual paralysis starting in legs and ascending; usually death occurs from respiratory paralysis |
considerations for parents of child with muscular dystrophy | genetic counseling for future children |
Leg-Calf Perthes disease | circulation to femoral head dies (aseptic necrosis of femoral head) |
symptoms of leg-calf perthes | hip pain that worsens with activities and is relieved with rest |
Tx for leg-calve perthes | abduct hip joint; if femoral head breaks = femoral head replacement (recovery is 3-4 months non-weight baring) |
detecting scoliosis | unilateral rib hump, twisted rib cage, uneven shoulder, uneven hip, pants don't fit/shirts don't lay evenly |
tx for scoliosis | mild=stretching; moderate=brace; severe=spinal fusion surgery (Painful) |
spina bifida | failure of spine to fully close |
spina bifida occulta | not visible externally |
spina bifida cystica | visible, sac-like protrusion |
preventative measure for spina bifida | prenatal folic acid |
indicators of spina bifida occulta | sacral dimple, reddening/discoloration at sacrum, sacral hair growth |
tethered spinal cord (symptoms) | spina bifida occulta - split spinal cord may attach to other points in body causing altered gait, feet deformities, elimination problems |
spina bifida cystica meningocele | sac does not contain nerves |
spina bifida cystica myelomeningocele | sac does contain nerves |
considerations for myelomeningocele | keep that baby prone; beware of ruptured sac -- the higher up it is the less compatible with life & more severe. if below 2nd lumbar vertebra = lower paralysis; symtpoms dependent on location; may not affect both sides of body equally |
Management for myelomeningocele | moist covering (sterile saline), prone, risk for infection, limit ROM |
Treatment for spina bifida | surgery to re-tether spinal cord |
Considerations for spina bifida kids | *Latex allergy (also banana, avocado, kiwi, and chestnut) - allergy response increases with each exposure |
atopic dermatitis | eczema (3 types: infantile, childhood, preadolescent/adolescent) |
skin lesions: macule | flat & circumscribed - freckles, moles, rubeola, rubella (baby-rashes) |
skin lesions: papule | elevated - warts |
skin lesions: vesicle/bulla | elevated filled with fluid - blister; varicella (chicken pox) |
skin lesions: patch | flat and irregular - vitiligo; port-wine marks (occult spina bifida) |
skin lesions: wheal | elevated, transient/changing - bug bites |
skin lesions: nodule | elevated, firm, palpable - lipoma |
skin lesions: pustule | vesicle filled with purulent fluid - acne |
skin lesions: cyst | vesicle filled with fluid and semi-solids |
skin lesions: scale | heaped up keratinized skin cells - exfoliative dermatitis |
skin lesions: crust | dried secretions - scab |
skin lesions: excoriation | abrasion; cut |
skin lesions: fissure | cracked skin; athletes foot |
skin lesions: erosion | after a vesicle bursts |
4 phases of wound healing | 1. inflammation 2. granulation 3. contraction 4. maturation |
1st phase of wound healing | inflammation: the area swells while WBC eat the dead tissues and defend against infection. involves swelling, pain, warm and redness at injury site |
2nd phase of wound healing | granulation-proliferation: body starts repairing damaged tissues, scab formation |
3rd phase of wound healing | contraction: body is building new skin to bring the wound edges closer together (may need debrievment) |
4th phase of wound healing | maturation: scar tissue formation, increased collagen at site; this tissue will change over time with continued healing |
wound dressing considerations | wet-dry dressings for open wounds promote faster healing (sterile saline), wound dressings only require clean (not sterile) technique |
wound diet considerations | increased protein- faster healing |
s/s of wound infection | increased erythema margins, edema, purulent drainage, pain, warmth at site/fever |
side effect of wound healing | pruritus (itching) tx with cold compress/bath, mittens, cut nails, benedryl |
considerations for MRSA skin infection | abscessed off- abx hard to reach it; tx with draining abscess, PO/topical Bactrim/ IV Vancomycin |
seborrhic dermatitis | cradle cap |
contact dermatitis | allergy response ie. fabric softener |
Tx for poison ivy, oak, or sumac | wash with cold water, clean with alcohol, wash with warm water, calamine bath and corticosteroids |
Rashes from a drug reaction - what you do | stop the drug, talk to the provider about whether or not to continue based on severity of reaction (ie. Vancomycin & red man syndrome) May tx with benedryl, motrin, corticosteroids |
Tx for bee stings | remove the stinger asap (scrape), cool compress, and benedryl |
considerations for bee stings | reaction gets worse with each sting |
scabies | bugs burrow into skin to lay eggs; tx with topical or PO meds |
pediculosis capitis (lice) | bugs in hair, laying eggs/ tx family with lice kit |
prevention of arthropod bites/infections | bug spray/lotion, check your clothes |
concern with animal bites | rabies, infection, & wound care |
age-related skin problems | diaper rash in infants; abrasions in childhood; acne with puberty |
what puts women at greater risk of uti | shorter urethra and proximity to rectum |
best way to get a urine sample from a young child | straight cath |
signs of UTI | foul smelling urine, dysuria, increased frequency, fever, chills, flank pain |
Tx for UTI | antibiotics and fluids |
pyelonephritis | kidney infection |
urosepsis | sepsis originating from a UTI |
preventing UTIs in girls | wipe front to back |
vesicouretal (VUR) | reflux of urine from ureters into the kidneys (risk for pyelonephritis) |
risks for pyelonephritis | urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract stricture, VUR (reflux) |
reoccurring pyelonephritis can cause what complications | kidney damage and scarring |
presentation of pyelonephritis | N&V, flank pain, fever, chills, nocturia, frequency, urgency, anorexia, hematuria, dysuria |
costovertebral tenderness | flank pain (pyelonephritis) |
Tx for pyelonephritis | antibiotics, fluids; prophylaxis for reoccurring episodes |
glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the kidneys -> decrease in filtering ability |
primary cause of glomerulonephritis | infection (STREP/RHEUMATIC fever/heart) |
group A beta-hemolytic streptococci complications | strep throat --> rheumatic fever --> rheumatic heart; glomerulonephritis |
secondary cause of glomerulonephritis | autoimmune response (think chronic diseases like diabetes) |
Signs of glomerulonephritis | edema (marshmellow men), HTN (extracellular fluid), hematuria, oliguria |
What will the urine and UA of a patient with glomerulonephritis look like | coke-colored urine. UA will have RBC and protein (increased protein indicates severity of case) |
Considerations for glomerulonephritis | Strict I&O monitoring; fluid and sodium restriction |
Treatment of glomerulonephritis | antibiotics |
nephrotic syndrome | inflammation of the kidneys leads to decreased filtering ability |
primary cause of nephrotic syndrome | unknown |
secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome | glomerular damage |
tertiary cause of nephrotic syndrome | congenital defect |
symptoms of nephrotic syndrome | edema (marshmellow men), HTN (extracellular fluid, oliguria |
what will the urine and UA of a patient with nephrotic syndrome look like | beer-colored and frothy/foamy urine; UA will have massive amounts of protein |
what will the CBC of a patient with nephrotic syndrome look like | hypoalbuminemia (low blood protein due to protein loss in urine); and high blood fat content |
what is the risk of extracellular fluid retention | hypovolemia |
Tx for nephrotic syndrome | steroids (possible chemo drugs) and diuretics (control HTN and fluid retention) |
Wilms Tumor | nephroblastoma (kidney tumor) |
wilms tumor presentation | firm, palpable abdominal tumor |
Metastasis of wilms tumor | easily to spleen, liver, lungs, and brain |
considerations with wilms tumor | put up a sign *DO NOT PALPATE ABDOMEN |
what is the risk with wilm's tumor | ruptured tumor= cancer cells seeding all over the place |
Treatment for wilms tumor | Surgery ASAP followed by chemo & radiation |
hypospadias urethral malposition | urethral opening on the bottom shaft of the penis |
epispadias urethral malposition | urethral opening on the top shaft of the penis |
Tx for urethral malposition | surgical correction at 6-15 months |
Created by:
jperrault9941
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