MS Pulmonary Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
respiration | gas exchange in body |
ventilation | mass exchange of air in & out of body during inspiration & expiration |
mm of inspiration | diaphram, scalenes & parasternal intercostals |
mm of expiration | sternocleidomastoid, upper trap, pec major & minor & subclavious |
mm during exertion | pec maj, quadratus laborum, internal intercostals |
mm during forced expiration | abs |
direction of chest expansion w/inspiration | up and out |
compliance | how easy lungs inflate w/inspiration (fibrosis may inhibit- so may emphysema |
airway resistance | depends on diameter of lumen in airways (smaller = increased resistance- increases w/asthma, bronospasm or mucus) |
flow rates | amount of air moved in & out of airway in an amount of time -COPD decreases flow rate |
upper respiratory | nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx - cleas & warms & moistens air |
lower respiratory | airways of trachiobronchial tree- 23 branches & lungs |
# of lobes in R lung | 3 & 10 bronchopulmonary segments |
# of lobes in L lung | 2 & lingula & 8 bronchopulmonary segments |
pleura | covers lungs (visceral)/ lines inside thoracic wall (parietal) |
mental status | level of consciousness or awareness- alert, responsive, or cooperative vs lethargic, disoriented or inattentive |
color | cyanosis (bluish appearance) perifpherally (nailbeds) or centrally (lips) |
shape of chest | barrel, pectus excavatum (funnel breast), pectus carinatum (pigeon breast) |
barrel chest | circumference of upper chest appears larger than that of lower chest. COPD |
pectus excavatum | funnel breast- lower part of sternum is depressed and the lower ribs flare out |
pectus carinatum | pigeon breast-sternum is prominent and protrudes anteriorly |
posture | often leans fwd on hands or forearms to stabilize and elevate the shd girdle to assist with inspiration |
preferred sleeping position | increased HOB |
dyspnea | distressed, labored breathing as the result of shortness of breath |
tachypnea | rapid, shallow breathing; associated w/ restrictive or obstructive lung dx and use of accessory mm for inspiration |
bradypnea | slow rate with shallow or normal depth and regular rhythm; may be associated with drug OD |
hyperventilation | deep, rapid respiration; increase tidal volume and increased rate of respiration, regular rhythem |
orthopnea | difficulty breathing in supine |
apnea | cessation of breathing in expiratory phase |
apneusis | cessation of breathing in inspiratory phase |
cheyne-stokes | cycles of gradually increasing tidal volumes followed by a series of gradually decreasing tidal volumes and then a period of apnea. this is sometimes seen in the pt w/ a severe head injury |
crackles/rales | fine, discontinuous sounds (similar to the sound of bubbles popping) primarily head during inspiration |
wheeze/rhonchi | continuous & more during expiration-whistle |
coughing strength/depth | weak, shallow, soft, throaty or ineffective |
frequency/duration | a sudden onset of cough or sustained cough often is described as paroxysmal or spasmodic |
productive | the productivity of the cough and secretions produced by the cough should be assessed |
color of secretions | clear, yellow, green, blood stained |
consistency of secretions | viscous, thin, frothy |
amount of secretions | minimal to copious |
odor | no odor to foul-smelling |
other areas of examinatino | ROM esp shd, strength, functional mobility, assistive devices, suctioning |
Types of pulmonary dx | Obstructive & restrictive |
types of obstructive | COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, bronchiectasis, cyctic fibrosus & broncho pulmonary dysplasia |
S & S of obstructive | increased mucous, narrowing/destruction airways, destruction of alveoli, bronchial walls, inability to effectively remove air from lungs, trouble breathing out |
S&S of restrictive | hard to breathe in, inability to fully expand lungs, pain, stiffness, postural deformity, mm wk & paralysis, |
types of restrictive | pheumonia, TB, tumor, pulmonary edema or embolism |
most common cause of death with COPD | respiratory failure |
contraindications for postural drainage | severe hemoptysis (bloody spit), untreated acute conditions- severe pulmonary edema, CHF, large pleural effusion, pulmonary embolism, pneumothroax |
rx procedures | check VS, practice positions, percussion/vibration, coughing, VS |
diaphragmatic breathing | anything but quadriplegic |
pursed lip breathing | more for obstructive |
glossopharyngeal breathing | just for quadriplegic or ventilator |
chest mobilization ex's | can use on anybody |
teach effective cough | use on anyone except high level quadriplegic |
cough with splinting | chest sx |
manual assist cough & suctioning | mainly for quadriplegic |
incentive spirometry | not for obstructive issues |
sleep apnea | main cause obesity, dx w/ polysomnography, rx w/wt loss & CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) device used @ night |
pulmonary tuberculosis type of damage to lungs | granulomas lead to caseous necrosis leads to cavity formation |
pathogen causing TB | mycobacterium tuberculosis |
mode of transmission of TB | aerosol droplets exhaled by infected individuals |
risk factors for TB | weakened immune sys, international connections, substance abuse, poor (cramped, poorly ventilated housing) |
symptoms of TB | may be asymtomatic, onset insidious- cough, lassitude, malaise, hemoptysis, fatigability, night sweats, anorexia, afternoon fever, wt decrease, pleuritic chest pn, wheezing |
dx TB | SPUTUM ANALYSIS, PE, chest x-ray, or CT scan, bronchoscopy & positive teberculin test |
meds for TB | antibiotics-give for 6-9 months, cause n & v |
isolation for TB | bed rest & isolation, we would need custom fitted mask- neg pressure rooms |
lung abcess | area of necrotized lung tissue containing purulent material-more frequent in lower dependent portions of lungs & in R lung which has more vertical bronchus |
pneumothorax | collection of air or gas in pleural cavity |
pleurisy | inflammation of visceral (inner) & parietal (outer) pleural membranes that envelope each lung-feels like heart attack, sharp pn limits mvmt on affected side of chest, pn worse with inspiration, cough or sneeze |
pneumoconiosis | inhaling bad stuff a long time. most common silicosis |
atelectasis | complete or partial collapse of lung-allows unoxygenated blood to pass unchanged thru the area-produces hypoxia-result of pneumothorax |
pulmonary fibrosis | scarring of lungs-tissue thickened & stiff |
flail chest | compound fx of 2 or more ribs on same side |
ARDS (acute respiratory distress) | acute respiratory failure secondary to severe trauma, disease in the body. rx problem, mechanical ventilation. prognosis guarded |
tidal volume | amount of air exchange in relaxed inspiration & expiration |
vital capacity | sum of tidal volume & inspiratory reserve volume & expiratory reserve volume |
Created by:
jessigirrl4
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