BM Elimination Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Normal feces | 75% H2O and 25% solids; soft, but formed |
Adult produces | 7-10 L of flatus a day. Includes CO2, methane, H+, O2, and Nitrogen. |
Bulk-forming foods- | grains (bran, oats), fruits (prunes, figs) and vegetables- absorb fluids and increase stool mass-stimulating peristalsis |
Gas-producing foods- | onions, cauliflower, cabbage, beans, bananas, apples--stimulate peristalsis |
Spicy foods & Sugar- | cause diarrhea and gas |
Lactose intolerance- | is seen with patients that can’t digest foods like milk and milk products. Can be cause of diarrhea |
should drink | 6-8 glasses of fluid a day (non caffeinated)—preferably 2000-3000 mL/day, especially if constipation problems |
Chocolate & alcohol | can have a laxative effect. |
Cheese, pasta (better to use whole grain), eggs, lean meat | can cause constipation |
Activity | Activity-stimulate peristalsis- Bedridden clients risk for constipation, as well as clients with muscle weakness |
Psychological factors- | anxiety increases peristalsis-depression causes constipation (↓ peristalsis) |
Defecation habits- | most people go after breakfast-if client ignores urge, H20 is absorbed, eventually making stool hard-When |
Medications- | some cause diarrhea- laxatives help with elimination |
Diagnostic procedures | may have enemas before, or laxative prep (colonoscopy) |
Anesthesia/Surgery | if involves intestines, no bowel sounds for 24-48 hours-ileus; general anesthesia slows or blocks peristalsis |
Pathologic conditions | spinal and head injuries decrease elimination-immobility decreases elimination , poorly functioning anal sphincters |
Pain-suppresses urge to defecate | hemorrhoids, episiotomy, excoriation, fungal infection, etc. |
Blood in the stool | (melena or hematochezia): Very important that your remember that black stool is indicative of UPPER and Red blood lower |
Black, tarry stool | can result from aspirin, Pepto Bismol, GI bleed. |
Gray-green stool | can result from antibiotics |
Chalky-flecked stools | antacids, barium enema, barium swallow. |
Brown | Normally adults |
Yellow | Infants Newborns may also be green, black |
Red | Bleeding from Lower GI eating beets |
Pale | diet high in milk low in meats not absorbing fats |
Orange or green | intestinal infection |
Amount | varies with diet- ~100-400g/day |
Odor | Aromatic—affected by diet & individual’s own bacterial flora |
“bad” odor- | infection or blood |
Constituents | undigested roughage, sloughed dead bacteria & epithelial cells, fats, protein, bile pigments, inorganic matter |
pus | infection |
mucus | inflammatory |
parasites | (worms, ova), blood |
Eructation | burping, belching, mostly from swallowed air |
Sources of Flatus | Action of bacteria on chyme in large intestine (also source of odor of flatus) Swallowed air Gas that diffuses between the bloodstream & intestine |
Distention | stretches intestines, causing bloating, usually from foods, abdominal surgery, or narcotics. |
Direct Visualization | —”Going in with the light”; requires clear liquids, laxative prep day before, and NPO day of test. |
Indirect Visualization | X-rays, barium enemas |
Lab tests | parasites (may look like rice in stool), organisms, incomplete digestion |
Simethicone | used to coalesce gas (Gaviscon, Gas-Ex, Mylicon) |
meds promote defecation | (Metamucil, Fiber-Con, MOM, docusate, senna, mineral oil, Epsom salts) |
control diarrhea | by promoting absorption of excess fluid and/or slowing motility (Imodium, Lomotil, Paregoric) |
Laxatives & Cathartics | soften stool & promote peristalsis & can assist in return of normal pattern if used correctly—if chronic use, client can become laxative dependent, & normal signals no longer present for defecation without meds. |
Bulemics | use laxatives to purge to lose weight. Can cause ↓ absorption of nutrients, diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and even death. |
Constipation: | Less than 3 stools per week Dry Hard stool Is this a change???? One of the most important questions |
Symptom not disease | infrequent BM’s, difficulty or inability to defecate; hard stool. |
Straining | Little water is left to soften the stool because of the absorption leading to hard dry stool |
Hemorrhoids | (swollen & inflamed veins in anus & rectum) can develop during late pregnancy d/t to ↑ abd pressure & straining from constipation, causing discomfort with defecation. Can also occur in children & adults with frequent or chronic constipation |
Acute constipation | often caused by organic process (tumor or bowel obstruction, as from surgical adhesions in abd) |
Chronic constipation | has functional causes that impede normal passage of stool |
Retention | Introduces oil or medication into the rectum & sigmoid colon for lubrication of stool |
Carminative and return-flow | Used primarily to expel flatus |
Cleansing | Prevents escape of feces during surgery Prepare intestines for certain diagnostic tests Removes feces in instances of constipation or impaction |
Partial | loss of control of flatus & minor soiling |
Major | lack of control of feces of normal consistency |
Created by:
ED.
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