PA: Heat
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| What is heat used for? | Pain relief
Promote relaxation
Increase blood flow
Facilitate tissue healing
Decrease muscle spasm
Prepare stiff joints for exercise
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| What two types of heat are there? | Superficial and deep
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| How far down does superficial heat reach? | 1-3 cm
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| What are examples of superficial heating? | Heat pads
Paraffin
WWP
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| What does superficial heating reach? | Mostly skin
Some subcutaneous and muscle
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| How far down does deep heat reach? | Up to 5 cm
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| What are examples of deep heating? | Continuous US
Diathermy
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| What does deep heating reach? | Muscle belly
Deeper portions of joint capsule
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| What happens to the metabolic rate with heat? | Increases 2-3 times for each 10 degree C of an increase in temperature
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| What 3 factors influence the vasodilation of heat-exposed skin? | Axon reflex
Release of chemical mediators
Local SC reflex
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| What do the changes in the body due to heat depend upon? | How much the temp increases
Rate of increase
Volume of tissue exposed
Tissue composition
Capacity of tissue to dissipate heat
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| What is the therapeutic level of heating for tissues? | Tissue must be increased to between 40 and 45 degree C
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| What are the vascular responses to heat? | Vasodilation
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| What is the change in temperature of skin determined by? | Sympathetic nervous system
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| What is the change in temperature of skeletal muscle determined by? | Metabolic control
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| How does axonal reflex energy dispersal work? | Cutaneous thermoreceptors are stimulated
Impulses are sent to SC from cutaneous receptors and toward skin blood vessels
A vasoactive mediator is released
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| How does chemical mediator energy dispersal work? | Heat produced mild inflammation due to the chemical mediators that are released
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| What chemical mediators are released with heat? | Histamine and prostaglandins
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| What are histamines and prostaglandins responsible for? | Vasodilation
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| What does sweat sweat secretion (due to temperature elevation) release? | Enzymes that release bradykinin
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| What does increased capillary permeability allow? | Fluid to leak out into the interstitial space (edema)
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| What does the spinal reflex do? | Cutaneous nerves send signals to spine
SC sends signals to decrease symapthetic activity
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| What does the decrease in sympathetic activity allow blood vessels to do? | Relax (vasodilation)
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| What type of heat does muscle have the greatest response to? | Exercise
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| What happens to the blood in the skin with vigorous exercise? | It's shunted away
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| What is heat used for in terms of neuromuscular response? | Analgesia and spasms
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| What are the neuromuscular responses to heat? | Alters nerve conduction velocity
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| What is the pain-spasm-pain cycle? | Have pain - go into spasm - have more pain - go into more spasm
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| Are modalities liely to increase temps enough to affect type II or Ib afferents? | No
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| How does a MHP decrease spasm if it can't increase the temp enough to be effective? | Heats up skin
Decrease in gamma efferent which doesn't stretch spindle as much
Then you start reducing afferent activity
This results in motor neuron decreasing firing and decreasing spasms
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| What effects does heat have on strength and endurance? | It will decrease some during the first 30 minutes after heating ends and will gradually increase over the next two hours
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| What effects does heat have in connective tissue? | Can alter viscoelastic properties
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| What do viscous properties allow? | Connective tissue to be elongated after stretch released
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| What do elastic properties allow? | Tissues to return to pre-stretch state
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| What three techniques are used to stretch connective tissue? | Constant load
Rapid stretch
Constant rate of stretching
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| How long should collagen (IT band) be stretched to really see effects? | 2-4 hours
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