KIN: Jt Struct/Func
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| What are the two major types of joints? | Synarthrosis and diarthrosis
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| What are the two synarthrosis joint categories? | Fibrous, cartilaginous
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| What are synarthrosis joints made up of? | Interosseus connective tissue
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| What are the 3 types of fibrous joints? | Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
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| Where is the only place to find gomphosis joints? | Teeth
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| What is a suture joint? | One in which two bony components are united by a thin layer of dense fibrous tissue
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| What type of joints are initially moveable and later in life become mostly immovable? | Fibrous joints
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| What do fibrous joints lead to later in life? | Bony union call synostosis
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| What is a gomphosis joint? | Joint in which surfaces of bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole
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| What is a syndesmosis joint? | Type of fibrous joint in which two bony components are joined directly by a ligament, a fibrous cord, or aponeurotic membrane
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| What is an example of a syndesmosis joint? | Distal tib/fib joint
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| What are cartilaginous joints also known as? | Amphiarthrotic joints
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| What are the two types of cartilaginous joints? | Symphysis
Synchondrosis
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| What is a symphysis joint? | Two bony segments are covered by thin lamina of hyaline cartilage and directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or plates
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| What are examples of a symphysis joint? | Pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints, manubrium and sternum
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| How much movement do symphysis joints allow? | Limited to moderate amounts of movement
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| Where do the majority of symphysis joints exist? | Near the midline of the body
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| What are synchondrosis joints? | Type of joint in which te material used for connecting the two components is hyaline cartilage
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| What happens to some synchondrosis joints as bone growth stops? | Ossify and convert to bony unions (synostesis)
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| What is the function of snychondrosis joints? | Permits growth while also providing stability and small amounts of mobility
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| What are diarthrosis joints also called? | Synovial joints
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| What makes synovial joints different from other types of joints and more mobile? | The ends of bones are free to move in relation to one another because no cartilaginous tissue directly connects adjacent bony surfaces
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| What are the layers of the joint capsule in a synovial joint? | Stratum synovium
Intima
Subsynovial tissue
Stratum fibrosum
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| Characteristics of stratum synovium layer | Inner layer
Highly vascularized
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| Characteristics of intima layer | Layer of cells that line the joint space
Composed of synoviocytes
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| Characteristics of subsynovial tissue | Lies outside the intima
Highly vascularized fibrous connective tissue
Adheres to outer capsule and supports intima
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| Characteristics of stratum fibrosum | Out layer of capsule
Composed of dense fibrous tissue
Poorly vascularized
Richly innervated
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| Characteristics of synovial fluid | Similar to blood plasma, but contains hyaluronic acid and lubricin
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| What is the function of hyaluronate? | Responsible for viscosity of fluid
Reduces friction between synovial folds of capsule and joint surface
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| What is the function of lubricin? | Responsible for cartilage-on-cartilage lubrication
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| What does normal synovial fluid look like? | Clear, pale yellow, viscous fluid in small amounts
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| When bony components are moving rapidly, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Decreases
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| When bony compartments are moving slowly, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Increases
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| At high temperatures, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Decreases
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| At low temperatures, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Increases
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| What is a condyloid joint? | Joint shaped so that the concave surface of one bony component is allowed to slide over the convex surface of another component in two directions
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| What is an example of a condyloid joint? | MCP joint
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| What is a saddle joint? | Joint in which each joint surface is both convex in one plane and concave in another (fit like a rider on a saddle)
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| What is an example of a saddle joint? | CMC of thumb, sternoclavicular joint
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| What is an example of a plane joint? | Carpals
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| Characteristics of OKC | Motion does not occur in predictable pattern
Distal end not in contact with fixed object
Often not function
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| Characteristics of CKC | Distal end is fixed
Motion occurs in predictable pattern
Co-contraction of muscle around joint
More functional movements
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| What is arthrokinematics? | Movement of the joint surfaces
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| What types of movements does arthrokinematics include? | Roll, slide, spin (Rock n Slide, Roll n Glide)
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| What is an ovoid? | One surface convex and one concave
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| What is sellar? | Each surface has both convex and concave
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| When you have a convex on concave surface how does the joint roll and glide? | Opposite of one another
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| When you have a concave on convex surface how does the joint rock and slide? | Same as each other
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| What is osteokinematics? | Movement of bones rather than movement of the articular surfaces
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| How is osteokinematics described? | Flex/ext, abd/add, etc
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| What is the difference between instability and laxity? | Instability is a pathology and affects the pt in a negative way
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| What is a contracture? | Extreme hypomobility - LOF
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| How are the collagen fibers in tendons arranged? | Parallel
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| How are the collagen fibers in ligaments arranged? | More varied
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| What is a bursae? | Flat sacs of synovial membrane which contain synovial fluid
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| Where are subcutaneous bursae found? | Between bone and skin
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| Where are subtendinous bursae found? | Between tendon and bone
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| Where are submuscular bursae found? | Between muscle and bone
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| How does cartilage components differ from tendons and ligaments? | Cartilage contains chondrocytes
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| What is white fibrocartilage and where is it found? | Contains type I cartilage. Forms bonding cement in joints that permits little motion
IV disks
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| What is yellow fibrocartilage and where is it found? | Contains higher ratio of elastin to collagen and allows more movement
Ears and epiglottis
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| What is the body's hardest connective tissue? | Bones
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| What do osteoblasts do? | Lay down bone
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| What do osteoclasts do? | Bone resorption
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| Where do active and passive insufficiencies occur? | Across 2 joint muscles that either lengthen or shorten beyond it's capabilities
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| What is active insufficiency? | Diminished ability of muscle to produce or maintain active tension
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| When does active insufficiency occur? | When a muscle is shortened to a point at which no more sliding of myofilaments occur
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| What is an example of active insufficieny? | Rectus femoris: Knee ext AND hip flex
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| When does passive insufficiency occur? | When in inactive, potentially antagonistic muscle is of insufficient length to permit completion of full ROM
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| What is an example of passive insufficiency? | Hamstrings: Knee ext AND hip flex
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