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KIN: Jt Struct/Func
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two major types of joints? | Synarthrosis and diarthrosis |
| What are the two synarthrosis joint categories? | Fibrous, cartilaginous |
| What are synarthrosis joints made up of? | Interosseus connective tissue |
| What are the 3 types of fibrous joints? | Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis |
| Where is the only place to find gomphosis joints? | Teeth |
| What is a suture joint? | One in which two bony components are united by a thin layer of dense fibrous tissue |
| What type of joints are initially moveable and later in life become mostly immovable? | Fibrous joints |
| What do fibrous joints lead to later in life? | Bony union call synostosis |
| What is a gomphosis joint? | Joint in which surfaces of bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole |
| What is a syndesmosis joint? | Type of fibrous joint in which two bony components are joined directly by a ligament, a fibrous cord, or aponeurotic membrane |
| What is an example of a syndesmosis joint? | Distal tib/fib joint |
| What are cartilaginous joints also known as? | Amphiarthrotic joints |
| What are the two types of cartilaginous joints? | Symphysis Synchondrosis |
| What is a symphysis joint? | Two bony segments are covered by thin lamina of hyaline cartilage and directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or plates |
| What are examples of a symphysis joint? | Pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints, manubrium and sternum |
| How much movement do symphysis joints allow? | Limited to moderate amounts of movement |
| Where do the majority of symphysis joints exist? | Near the midline of the body |
| What are synchondrosis joints? | Type of joint in which te material used for connecting the two components is hyaline cartilage |
| What happens to some synchondrosis joints as bone growth stops? | Ossify and convert to bony unions (synostesis) |
| What is the function of snychondrosis joints? | Permits growth while also providing stability and small amounts of mobility |
| What are diarthrosis joints also called? | Synovial joints |
| What makes synovial joints different from other types of joints and more mobile? | The ends of bones are free to move in relation to one another because no cartilaginous tissue directly connects adjacent bony surfaces |
| What are the layers of the joint capsule in a synovial joint? | Stratum synovium Intima Subsynovial tissue Stratum fibrosum |
| Characteristics of stratum synovium layer | Inner layer Highly vascularized |
| Characteristics of intima layer | Layer of cells that line the joint space Composed of synoviocytes |
| Characteristics of subsynovial tissue | Lies outside the intima Highly vascularized fibrous connective tissue Adheres to outer capsule and supports intima |
| Characteristics of stratum fibrosum | Out layer of capsule Composed of dense fibrous tissue Poorly vascularized Richly innervated |
| Characteristics of synovial fluid | Similar to blood plasma, but contains hyaluronic acid and lubricin |
| What is the function of hyaluronate? | Responsible for viscosity of fluid Reduces friction between synovial folds of capsule and joint surface |
| What is the function of lubricin? | Responsible for cartilage-on-cartilage lubrication |
| What does normal synovial fluid look like? | Clear, pale yellow, viscous fluid in small amounts |
| When bony components are moving rapidly, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Decreases |
| When bony compartments are moving slowly, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Increases |
| At high temperatures, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Decreases |
| At low temperatures, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Increases |
| What is a condyloid joint? | Joint shaped so that the concave surface of one bony component is allowed to slide over the convex surface of another component in two directions |
| What is an example of a condyloid joint? | MCP joint |
| What is a saddle joint? | Joint in which each joint surface is both convex in one plane and concave in another (fit like a rider on a saddle) |
| What is an example of a saddle joint? | CMC of thumb, sternoclavicular joint |
| What is an example of a plane joint? | Carpals |
| Characteristics of OKC | Motion does not occur in predictable pattern Distal end not in contact with fixed object Often not function |
| Characteristics of CKC | Distal end is fixed Motion occurs in predictable pattern Co-contraction of muscle around joint More functional movements |
| What is arthrokinematics? | Movement of the joint surfaces |
| What types of movements does arthrokinematics include? | Roll, slide, spin (Rock n Slide, Roll n Glide) |
| What is an ovoid? | One surface convex and one concave |
| What is sellar? | Each surface has both convex and concave |
| When you have a convex on concave surface how does the joint roll and glide? | Opposite of one another |
| When you have a concave on convex surface how does the joint rock and slide? | Same as each other |
| What is osteokinematics? | Movement of bones rather than movement of the articular surfaces |
| How is osteokinematics described? | Flex/ext, abd/add, etc |
| What is the difference between instability and laxity? | Instability is a pathology and affects the pt in a negative way |
| What is a contracture? | Extreme hypomobility - LOF |
| How are the collagen fibers in tendons arranged? | Parallel |
| How are the collagen fibers in ligaments arranged? | More varied |
| What is a bursae? | Flat sacs of synovial membrane which contain synovial fluid |
| Where are subcutaneous bursae found? | Between bone and skin |
| Where are subtendinous bursae found? | Between tendon and bone |
| Where are submuscular bursae found? | Between muscle and bone |
| How does cartilage components differ from tendons and ligaments? | Cartilage contains chondrocytes |
| What is white fibrocartilage and where is it found? | Contains type I cartilage. Forms bonding cement in joints that permits little motion IV disks |
| What is yellow fibrocartilage and where is it found? | Contains higher ratio of elastin to collagen and allows more movement Ears and epiglottis |
| What is the body's hardest connective tissue? | Bones |
| What do osteoblasts do? | Lay down bone |
| What do osteoclasts do? | Bone resorption |
| Where do active and passive insufficiencies occur? | Across 2 joint muscles that either lengthen or shorten beyond it's capabilities |
| What is active insufficiency? | Diminished ability of muscle to produce or maintain active tension |
| When does active insufficiency occur? | When a muscle is shortened to a point at which no more sliding of myofilaments occur |
| What is an example of active insufficieny? | Rectus femoris: Knee ext AND hip flex |
| When does passive insufficiency occur? | When in inactive, potentially antagonistic muscle is of insufficient length to permit completion of full ROM |
| What is an example of passive insufficiency? | Hamstrings: Knee ext AND hip flex |
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