Chapter 1, 5, 7, 8 Vocab
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| Motor Control | Ability of the CNS to control or direct the neuromotor system in purposeful mvmt & postural adjustment by selective allocation of muscle tension across appropriate joint segments
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| Components of motor control | Normal muscle tone; Postural response mechanism; Selective mvmt; Coordination
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| Coordination | Ability to execute smooth, accurate, controlled motor responses. Dependent on somatosensory, visual & vestibular input as well as a fully intact neuromuscular system from motor cortex to spinal cord.
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| Dexterity | Skillful use of the fingers during fine motor tasks
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| Agility | ability to rapidly & smoothly initiate, stop, or modify movement while maintaining postural control
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| Intralimb Coordination | movements occurring within a single limb
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| Interlimb Coordination | Integrated performance of 2+ limbs working together
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| Visual Motor | Ability to integrate both visual & motor abilities with the environmental context to accomplish a goal
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| Eye-Hand Coordination | Sub-category of Visual Motor-- movement of head required for eyes to fixate on a target/object
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| Peripheral Somatic Motor System | Muscles, Joints, & their sensory & motor innervations
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| Central Motor System has how many levels? | 3-- Highest, Middle, Lowest
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| Highest Level of Central Motor System | Neocortex & Basal Ganglia- Strategy: goal of the mvmt & the mvmt strategy that will best achieve the goal
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| Middle Level of Central Motor System | Motor Cortex & Cerebellum- Tactics: sequences of muscle contractions, arranged in space & time, required to smoothly & accurately achieve the strategic goal
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| Lowest Level of Central Motor System | Brain stem & Spinal Cord- Execution: activation of the motor neuron & interneuron pools that generate the goal-directed mvmt & make any necessary adjustments of posture
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| Closed Loop System of cerebellum deals with what? | Long duration mvmts; motor cortex & brainstem provide commands for intended motor response (internal feedback); Peripheral/external feedback from mm spindles, GTOs, joint & cutaneous receptors, eyes & ears
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| Open Loop System of cerebellum deals with what? | Stereotypical mvmts (gait activities) or short duration activities; control from motor program which is a memory or pre-programmed pattern of info for coordinated mvmt
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| What are the 3 main nuclei of the basal ganglia & the 2 sub-cortical nuclei? | BG: Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus
Sub-Cortical: Sub-thalamic nucleus & Substantia Nigra
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| Asthenia | Generalized muscle weakness associated with cerebellar lesions
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| S/sx of Cerebellar Pathology (HAG RANT 6 D's) | Hypotonia; Asthenia; Gait ataxia; Rebound phenomenon; Asynergia; Nystagmus; Tremor (Intention or Posture); Dysdiadochokinesia; Dysarthria; Dysphasia; Dysphagia; Dyssynergia; Dysmetria
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| Test for Dysdiadochokinesia | Finger to nose; Pronation/supination; Knee flexion/extension; Walking & Alternating Speed rapidly
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| Test for Dysmetria | Pointing & past pointing; Drawing a circle or figure 8; Heel on shin; Placing feet on floor markers
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| Test for Dyssynergia | Finger to nose; finger to PT nose; Alternate heel to knee; Toe to examiner finger
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| Test for hypotonia | Passive mvmt; DTR's
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| Test for intention tremor | Finger to finger; finger to PT finger; to to PT finger
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| Test for resting tremor | Observe pt at rest; limb or jaw mvmts
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| Test for postural tremor | Observation of steadiness of normal posture; sitting, standing
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| Test for asthenia | Fixation or position holding (UE/LE); application of manual resistance to determine ability to hold
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| Test for rigidity | Passive mvmt; Observation during mvmt & rest
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| Test for bradykinesia | Walking observation of arm swing & trunk motions; stop gait abruptly; timed tests
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| Test for disturbances of posture | Fixation or holding position (UE/LE); displace balance unexpectedly in sitting or standing; alter BoS
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| Test for gait disturbances | Walk along in straight line; walk sideways/backwards; march in place; alter speed & direction of mvmt; walk in a circle
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| S/sx of BG Pathology | Akinesia; Athetosis; Bradykinesia; Chorea; Choreoathetosis; Dystonia; Hemiballism (Hyper/Hypokinesis); Rigidity (Leadpipe/Cogwheel); Tremor (resting-non-intention)
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| What 5 categories is movement capabilities categorized into? | Alternate/Reciprocal Motion; Mvmt composition; Mvmt accuracy; Fixation/Limb holding; Equilibrium (postural stability)
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| Alternate/Reciprocal Motion | Ability to reverse mvmt b/t opposing muscle groups
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| Mvmt Composition | Mvmt control achieved by mm groups acting together
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| Mvmt Accuracy | Ability to gauge or judge distance & speed of voluntary mvmt
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| Fixation/Limb Holding | Ability to hold position of an individual limb/limb segment
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| Equilibrium (Postural Stability) | Ability to maintain balance in response to alteration in center of gravity/base of support
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| Non-Equilibrium Testing (Seated [Gross or Fine Motor]) | Finger to nose; Finger to PT finger; Finger to finger; Alternate nose to finger; Pronation/Supination; Rebound test; Pointing/Past pointing; Alternate heel to knee/toe; Toe to examiner's finger; Heel on shin; Draw circle/figure 8; Fixation/position hold
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| Equilibrium Coordination Testing (Standing [Gross Motor]) | Stand feet together, tandem, one foot; Perturbations; Standing- EO to EC (tandem also); Tandem walk; Walk in straight line, sideways, backwards, cross-step; March; Vary walking speed; Stop & start; Walk in a circle
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| Motor Skills | Learned through interaction & exploration of the environment defined by practice & feedback
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| Motor Program | An abstract representation that when initiated results in the production of a coordinated mvmt sequence; guided & shaped by sensory info
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| Motor Plan- Complex Motor Program | Idea or plan for purposeful mvmt that is made up of several component motor programs
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| Motor Memory- Procedural Memory | Recall of motor programs or sub-routines & includes info on:
Initial mvmt conditions
How mvmt felt, looked, sounded (sensory)
Specific mvmt parameters
Outcome of the mvmt
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| Neuroplasticity | Capacity of the brain to adapt to injury through mechanisms of repair & change; allows for change from ST memory to LT
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| Motor Learning | Internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior
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| Feedback | Response-produced info received during or after the mvmt & is used to monitor output for corrective actions
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| Feedforward | Sending of signals in advance of mvmt to ready the sensorimotor systems to allow for anticipatory adjustments in postural activity
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| Coordinative Structures | Fxnally specific units of mm's & joints that are constrained by the nervous system to act cooperatively to produce an action
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| Full Consciousness | Alert & aware, implies orientation x3 (person, place, time)
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| Lethargy | General slowing of motor processes, including speech & mvmt
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| Obtundation | Dulled/blunted sensitivity; Difficult to arouse, confused
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| Stupor (Semicoma) | State of unconsciousness; lacks responsiveness, only aroused with noxious stimuli
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| Coma | Unconscious; No sleep/wake cycle
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| If pupils bilaterally small, this indicates what? | Damage to sympathetic pathway in ypothalamus or metabolic encephalopathy
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| If pt has pinpoint pupils, this indicates what? | Hemorrhagic pontine lesion or narcotic OD
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| If pupils fixated in midline & dilated, what is indicated? | Midbrain Damage
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| If pupils large bilaterally fixed & dilated, what is indicated? | Severe anoxia or drug toxicity
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| If only 1 pupil fixed & dilated, what does this mean? | Temporal lobe herniation with compression of oculomotor nerve
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| Postural Orientation | Control of the relative positions of body parts by skeletal mm's with respect to each other & gravity
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| Static Postural Control | ability to maintain postural stability & orientation with the CoM over the BoS & the body at rest
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| Dynamic Postural Control | ability to maintain postural stability & orientation with the CoM over the BoS while parts of the body are in motion
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| Skill | ability to consistently perform coordinated mvmt sequences for the purposes of investigation & interaction with the physical & social environment
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| Focal Vision | Cognitive/Explicit; localizing vision
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| Ambient Vision | Sensorimotor or implicit vision; entire visual field
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| Optic Ataxia | can recognize object (focal vision intact) but can't use vision to accurately guide his hand to grasp object (impaired ambient vision)
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| Transfer Tests | Gain or loss in the capability for performance in one task as a result of practice or experience on some other task; Transfer or motor learning is greatest when tasks practiced are similar to ones you want pt to do later or on his own
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| Generalizability | Extent to which practice on one tasks contributes to performance of other, related skills; Performing one type of transfer helps with completion of others
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| Resistance to contextual change | Adaptability required to perform a motor task in altered environmental situations; Closed vs. Open environment
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