KIN: Skeletal Consid
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| How is the general shape and size of bones determined? | They are inherited
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| What are the functions of the skeletal system? | Levers
Support
Protection
Storage
Blood cell formation
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| What are the two parts of long bones? | Diaphysis
Epiphysis
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| Why are long bones called long bones? | Because they are longer than they are wide
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| What type of bone is the diaphysis made up of? | Compact bone
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| What type of bone is the epiphysis made up of? | Spongy bone
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| Where is the bone marrow of the bones located? | Inside the medullary cavity
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| What membrane covers bones? | Periosteum
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| How do bones lengthen? | Compressive forces put stress on them causing them to grow
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| How are protuberances formed on bones? | Tensile forces
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| What are short bones primarily made up of? | Spongy bone covered with thin layer of compact bone
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| What are some examples of long bones? | Humerus, tibia, metacarpals
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| What role do short bones play? | Shock absorption
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| What type of bone are flat bones made up of? | Two layers of compact bone, with spongy bone and marrow in between
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| What is the function of flat bones? | Protect internal organs
Muscular attachment
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| What's an example of a short bone? | Carpals
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| What are some examples of flat bones? | Ribs, scapula, ilium, sternum
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| What type of bone are irregular bones? | Spongy bone with thin compact bone exterior
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| What is the function of irregular bones? | Weight bearing, dissipating loads, protection of SC, site for muscle attachments
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| What are some examples of irregular bones? | Skull, pelvis, vertebrae
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| What is a sesmoid bone? | Short bone embedded within a tendon or joint capsule
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| Why are sesmoid bones important? | They increase the MA of that tendon which increases the amount of force it can produce
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| Where are sesmoid bones typically found? | Quads, base of first MT, FHB, thumb, FPB
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| What is one of the body's hardest structures? | Bone
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| What percent of bone tissue is made up of water? | 25-30%
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| What is myositis ossificans? | Bone deposit laid down in soft tissue as a response to trauma or hematoma
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| How does myositis ossificans form? | Starts out as fibrous tissue that turns into cartilage and then bone
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| What is compact bone good for? | Providing strength
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| What is spongy bone good for? | High energy storage capability due to its high porosity
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| What is woven bone? | Immature bone found in newborns, embryo
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| What is lamellar bone? | More mature bone that begins to form 1 month after birth and replaces woven bone
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| Is periosteum vascular or avascular? | Vascular - permeated by blood vessels and nerve fibers
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| Does periosteum cover the entire bone? | No - everything except the joint surfaces which are covered with hyaline cartilage
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| In what direction do long bones tolerate the greatest load? | Longitudinal
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| What are the three parameters when determining strength of bone? | Load sustained before failing
Deformation sustained before failing
Energy stored before failing
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| Do bones handle greater stress at higher or lower speeds of loading? | Higher speeds - slow loading causes fracture at 1/2 the load
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| What is the elastic range? | When stress is released bone will return to original form
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| What is the yield point? | Point at which fibers in material begin to fail
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| What is the plastic phase? | When microtears and debonding occurs
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| Can tissues return to normal once they have reached the plastic phase? | No
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| When will brittle material fail? | At the end of the elastic phase
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| What is ductile material? | Material that will continue to elongate and deform a great deal in the plastic phase
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| What is still material? | Material that will have minimal deformation to increased loads
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| What do compressive forces do? | shortens and widens structure
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| What are the types of loads? | Compression
Tension
Shear
Bending
Torsional
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| What are tension forces? | Pull or stretch bones apart
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| What are shear forces? | Forces applied parallel to surface, creating deformation internally in an angular direction - these cause rapid failure
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| What type of force can produce a spondylolisthesis? | Shearing forces
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| What are bending forces? | One side will form a concavity, while the other side will form a convexity
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| What side will bones typically fracture on during a bending force? | Convex side
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| How could bones benefit from a slight bending force? | They become stressed so if properly rested it will make them stronger
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| What is three point force application? | Force applied perpendicular to bone at ends of bone and in the middle
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| Example of a bending force injury | Falling forward over a boot
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| What are torsional forces? | Twisting manor creating shear over entire bone
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| What does exercise do to bone? | Increases cortical thickness
Increases bone mineral content
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| What is another name for compact bone? | Cortical bone
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| What are anisotropic characteristics of long bones and what is an example? | Behavior will vary depending on direction of load
Can tolerate greatest load in longitudinal direction
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| What are viscoelastic characteristics of long bones and what is an example? | Respond to the rate at which load is applied
Handle greater stress at higher speeds
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| What is an elastic response of long bones? | Will change length or shape when load is applied
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| What type of material shows little deformation before failing? | Stiff
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