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KIN: Skeletal Consid
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is the general shape and size of bones determined? | They are inherited |
| What are the functions of the skeletal system? | Levers Support Protection Storage Blood cell formation |
| What are the two parts of long bones? | Diaphysis Epiphysis |
| Why are long bones called long bones? | Because they are longer than they are wide |
| What type of bone is the diaphysis made up of? | Compact bone |
| What type of bone is the epiphysis made up of? | Spongy bone |
| Where is the bone marrow of the bones located? | Inside the medullary cavity |
| What membrane covers bones? | Periosteum |
| How do bones lengthen? | Compressive forces put stress on them causing them to grow |
| How are protuberances formed on bones? | Tensile forces |
| What are short bones primarily made up of? | Spongy bone covered with thin layer of compact bone |
| What are some examples of long bones? | Humerus, tibia, metacarpals |
| What role do short bones play? | Shock absorption |
| What type of bone are flat bones made up of? | Two layers of compact bone, with spongy bone and marrow in between |
| What is the function of flat bones? | Protect internal organs Muscular attachment |
| What's an example of a short bone? | Carpals |
| What are some examples of flat bones? | Ribs, scapula, ilium, sternum |
| What type of bone are irregular bones? | Spongy bone with thin compact bone exterior |
| What is the function of irregular bones? | Weight bearing, dissipating loads, protection of SC, site for muscle attachments |
| What are some examples of irregular bones? | Skull, pelvis, vertebrae |
| What is a sesmoid bone? | Short bone embedded within a tendon or joint capsule |
| Why are sesmoid bones important? | They increase the MA of that tendon which increases the amount of force it can produce |
| Where are sesmoid bones typically found? | Quads, base of first MT, FHB, thumb, FPB |
| What is one of the body's hardest structures? | Bone |
| What percent of bone tissue is made up of water? | 25-30% |
| What is myositis ossificans? | Bone deposit laid down in soft tissue as a response to trauma or hematoma |
| How does myositis ossificans form? | Starts out as fibrous tissue that turns into cartilage and then bone |
| What is compact bone good for? | Providing strength |
| What is spongy bone good for? | High energy storage capability due to its high porosity |
| What is woven bone? | Immature bone found in newborns, embryo |
| What is lamellar bone? | More mature bone that begins to form 1 month after birth and replaces woven bone |
| Is periosteum vascular or avascular? | Vascular - permeated by blood vessels and nerve fibers |
| Does periosteum cover the entire bone? | No - everything except the joint surfaces which are covered with hyaline cartilage |
| In what direction do long bones tolerate the greatest load? | Longitudinal |
| What are the three parameters when determining strength of bone? | Load sustained before failing Deformation sustained before failing Energy stored before failing |
| Do bones handle greater stress at higher or lower speeds of loading? | Higher speeds - slow loading causes fracture at 1/2 the load |
| What is the elastic range? | When stress is released bone will return to original form |
| What is the yield point? | Point at which fibers in material begin to fail |
| What is the plastic phase? | When microtears and debonding occurs |
| Can tissues return to normal once they have reached the plastic phase? | No |
| When will brittle material fail? | At the end of the elastic phase |
| What is ductile material? | Material that will continue to elongate and deform a great deal in the plastic phase |
| What is still material? | Material that will have minimal deformation to increased loads |
| What do compressive forces do? | shortens and widens structure |
| What are the types of loads? | Compression Tension Shear Bending Torsional |
| What are tension forces? | Pull or stretch bones apart |
| What are shear forces? | Forces applied parallel to surface, creating deformation internally in an angular direction - these cause rapid failure |
| What type of force can produce a spondylolisthesis? | Shearing forces |
| What are bending forces? | One side will form a concavity, while the other side will form a convexity |
| What side will bones typically fracture on during a bending force? | Convex side |
| How could bones benefit from a slight bending force? | They become stressed so if properly rested it will make them stronger |
| What is three point force application? | Force applied perpendicular to bone at ends of bone and in the middle |
| Example of a bending force injury | Falling forward over a boot |
| What are torsional forces? | Twisting manor creating shear over entire bone |
| What does exercise do to bone? | Increases cortical thickness Increases bone mineral content |
| What is another name for compact bone? | Cortical bone |
| What are anisotropic characteristics of long bones and what is an example? | Behavior will vary depending on direction of load Can tolerate greatest load in longitudinal direction |
| What are viscoelastic characteristics of long bones and what is an example? | Respond to the rate at which load is applied Handle greater stress at higher speeds |
| What is an elastic response of long bones? | Will change length or shape when load is applied |
| What type of material shows little deformation before failing? | Stiff |
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