WSU Kirsten Fields
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Largest external organ of the body | skin
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| how much does skin weigh | 6lbs
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| how long is skin | 20ft
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| how much of the body's blood volume does skin receive | 1/3
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| how many dead skins cells do you lose every minute of every day | 30,000 to 40,000
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| how many skins cells are produced at any given time | >300 million
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| how many lbs of skin cells are produced in a year | 10lbs
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| 5 primary fxns of skin | 1. protection
2. temperature regulation
3. sensation
4. metabolism
5. communication
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| what does skin protect the body from? | bacterial invasion and external elements
(water, chemicals, mechanica, bacterial, viral, UV radiation)
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| What does skin prevent excessive loss of? | fluid and electrolytes
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| Skin strives to maintain what and has what type of response? | homeostasis and immunological response
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| what does skin produce | sebum: a lipid rich oily substance (helps keep flora out)
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| where is sebum secreted at | sebaceous glands
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| what does sebum provide and what does it do the growth of micro-organisms | provides acidic coating
retards it
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| what does melanin do and what provides it | protects against UV rays
skin pigmentation
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| what is the pH of the acid mantle and what does it do? | 5.5
help keep skin from bacteria and fungal infection, indirect protection against microorganisms and alkaline substances
helps maintain normal skin flora(staph aureus, staph epidermis, yeast)
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| What things would change the pH of skin: | eczema
contact dermatitis
atopic dermatitis and
dry skin
diabetes, chronic renal failure and cerebrovascular disease
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| what areas are most sensitive to touch | most number of nn endings (fingers, lips, nipples)
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| Finger allow for identification without what | sight (stereognosis)
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| what type of area would have reduced tactile sensitivity | shaved areas
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| hairless reagions - tactile corpuscles- meissner's corpuscles transmit what? | firm tough, hugs, etc via skin to the brain ( how much force u apply to lift something up)
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| somatic pain -out body surface- is submitted through what: -superficial acute pain travel at what spd through waht fiber? - deep chronic pain | skin
fast : A delta nn fiber
slowly : thin myelinated C fibers
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| how do you regulate temp | fluid & electrolyte balance (sweat) thermoregulation: (hypothalamus response to internal core temp) peripheral temp receptors assist w/ homeostasis (remove hand if something is hot)-water loss through lungs, skin, buccal mucosa)
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| skin temp is regulated by what | vaso dilation and restriction
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| metabolism regulation of vit d | synthesis in skin in presence of sunlight-through conversion of sebum sterol to cholecalcifoerol (vit D)
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| what are the psychosocial/ communication effects of skin | appearance and care of skin: confidence
use of skin in conjunction w/ underlying mm for expression
sensation fo touch= feel in of comfort, concern, friendship, love, etc
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| what are the two layers of skin | epidermis and the dermis
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| how often does the epidermis regenerate | every 4-6 wks
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| what does the epidermis do | repels water, protective barrier against micro-organism, prevents water loss, protects against shear, friction and toxic irritants,
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| is the epidermis vascular | no its avascular
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| what does the epidermis contain | melanin
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| what happens to the dead cells of the epidermis | shed
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| how many layer of start are there and what are they composed of | 5
keratinocytes
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| epithelial cell layers | stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum germinativum
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| what is the - superficial layer of dead skin cells. Shed daily, outermost layer (made of keratinocyte cells) | stratum corneum
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| what is the -clear layer) only present in thick skin, Cell nothing more than a bag of keratin-found only in palms/soles. | stratum lucidum
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| what is the multilayer 1-5 cells thick, cells become depressed and aid n keratin formation-keratinocytes/langerhans cells (where they are). | Stratum granulosum
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| what is (spiny layer) several layers thick, cells begin to produce keratin, cells begin to flatten-keratinocytes/langerhans cells | stratum spinosum
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| what is (granular layer) AKA stratum basale, only one cell thick. Only layer in which cells undergo mitosis to form new cells. | stratum germinativum
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| Protrusions of this layer (rete pegs) extend down into the dermis to provide support and facilitation of fluid and cell exchange between the skin layers.-melanocytes and Merkel cells | stratum germinativum
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| -manufacture keratin (protein responsible for the toughness of the epidermis) | keratinocytes
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| It takes these cells 4-6 weeks to migrate from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum | keratinocytes
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| specialized structures which bind adjacent keratinocytes to one another and give cohesion to each layer during its upward progression. | desmosomes
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| produce and distribute melanin throughout all the layers of the epidermis | melanocytes
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| - first line of defense against environmental antigens | langerhans cells
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| - forms the junction between the dermis and the epidermis – this layer keeps the epidermis and dermis from sliding on each other. | basement layer
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| As we age, this junction flattens out and diminished the amount of surface between the layers, reducing nutrient transfer, and decreasing resistance to sheering that separates the two layers . | baseemtn layer
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| cells of the epidermis | Kertinocytes
desmosome
melanocytes
Langerhans cells
basement membran
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| supports and nourishes the epidermis | dermis
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| varies in thickness depending on area of body | dermis
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| contains fewer cells than epidermis - made up of fibroblasts (secretes proteins of collagen and elastin), fibrous and amorphous extracellular matrix (ECM) macrophages, lyphocytes and mast cells | dermis
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| has bloods supply | dermis
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| has nerves | dermis
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| sweat and sebaceous glands are located where and they transported to the body surface through what | dermis
sweat ducts
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| hair follicles are located where | dermis
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| waht is the dermis made up of | protein (collagen and elastin)
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| where are the cells for the dermis produced | in bone marrow
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| what is the thickest layer of skin | dermis
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| (on test)scavenger cells that ingest dead tissues and cells, repair injured tissues, act as defense mechanisms | macrophages
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| mast cells
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