Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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| eclectic approach | an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. (p. 606)
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| psychoanalysis | Freud’s therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (pp. 480, 606)
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| transference | in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). (p. 607)
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| resistance | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. (p. 607)
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| interpretation | in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. (p. 607)
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| psychotherapy | treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. (p. 606)
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| psychodynamic therapy | therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. (p. 608)
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| insight therapies | a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses. (p. 609)
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| client-centered therapy | a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.) (p. 609)
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| active listening | empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy. (p. 609)
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| unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (pp. 491, 610)
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| behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. (p. 611)
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| counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. (p. 611)
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| exposure therapies | behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid. (p. 611)
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| systematic desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. (p. 611)
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| virtual reality exposure therapy | An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. (p. 612)
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| aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). (p. 613)
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| token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. (p. 614)
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| cognitive-behavioral therapy | a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). (p. 616)
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| family therapy | therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. (p. 617)
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| regression toward the mean | the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average. (p. 621)
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| meta-analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. (p. 621)
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| evidence-based practice | clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. (p. 623)
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| biomedical therapy | prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system. (p. 628)
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| psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. (p. 628)
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| antipsychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. (p. 629)
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| tardive dyskinesia | involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors. (p. 629)
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| antianxiety drugs | drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. (p. 630)
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| antidepressant drugs | drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters. (p. 630)
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| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. (p. 632)
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| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) | the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. (p. 634)
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| psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. (p. 635)
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| lobotomy | a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. (p. 635)
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| resilience | the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma. (p. 637)
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