Personality
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| personality | show 🗑
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| show | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. (p. 480)
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| show | Freud’s theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (pp. 480, 606)
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| unconscious | show 🗑
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| show | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. (p. 481)
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| ego | show 🗑
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| show | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. (p. 482)
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| psychosexual stages | show 🗑
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| Oedipus | show 🗑
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| identification | show 🗑
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| show | (1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. (pp. 303, 483)
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| show | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. (p. 483)
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| show | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. (pp. 284, 483)
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| regression | show 🗑
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| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. (p. 483)
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| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (p. 483)
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| rationalization | show 🗑
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| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (p. 483)
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| sublimation | show 🗑
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| denial | show 🗑
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| collective unconscious | show 🗑
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| projective test | show 🗑
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| show | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. (p. 486)
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| show | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. (p. 486)
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| show | a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death. (p. 489)
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| self-actualization | show 🗑
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| show | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (pp. 491, 610)
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| show | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?” (pp. 432, 492)
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| trait | show 🗑
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| show | a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. (p. 496)
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | show 🗑
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| show | a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. (p. 496)
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| social-cognitive perspective | show 🗑
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| show | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. (p. 503)
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| show | the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless. (p. 505)
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| show | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. (p. 505)
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| internal locus of control | show 🗑
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| show | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. (p. 508)
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| show | in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. (p. 511)
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| show | overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). (p. 512)
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| self-esteem | show 🗑
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| show | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. (p. 513)
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| show | giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. (p. 516)
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| collectivism | show 🗑
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