Urinary System
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| Uremic poisoning | toxic levels in the blood
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| Nephron | microscopic unit of a kidney
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| Renal Medulla | inner portion of the kidney
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| Erythropoietrin | stimulates production of erythrocytes
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| Bowman capsule | cup shaped top of a nephron
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| Function of the kidney | clean waste from the blood
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| Renal pyramids | triangular division of the kidney
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| Henle loop | extension of the proximal tubule of the kidney
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| Calyx | division of the renal pelvis
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| Retroperitoneal | located behind the peritoneum
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| Reabsorption | material moves from tubule into the blood
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| Filtration | first step in the urine production
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| Renal papilla | narrow end of the pyramid
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| Renal cortex | outer part of the kidney
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| Glycosuria | glucose in the urine
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| Glomerulus | blood capillary inside the Bowman capsule
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| Renal pelvis | upper expansion of the urteter
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| NaCl | sodium chloride; table salt
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| Proximal convoluted tubule | first part of the renal tubule
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| Potassium | Vitamin K
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| Nephron is composed of two principal components | renal corpuscle and renal tubule
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| Renal corpuscle consist of | Glomerulus and Bowman capsule
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| Renal tubule consist of | Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of the Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
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| Where does filteration occur | Renal corpuscles
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| Where does reabsorption occur | Renal tubule
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| What carries urine from the kidneys | ureter
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| ANH (Atrial Natruretic Hormone) | secreted from the heart; increases urine output; urine loss hormone
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| Oliguria | scanty amount of urine
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| ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) | secreted from the posterior pituitary gland; decreases the amount of urine
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| PKU | Phenylketonuria
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| Secretion | moves urine into the distal collecting duct
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| Sodium | encourages water retention; most abundant positive ion
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| Anuria | absence of urine
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| Renal Pelvis | uppermost part of the ureter
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| Glycosuria | sign of diabetes
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| Urinalysis | examination of urine
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| Casts | particle found in urine
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| Rugae | folds in the urinary bladder
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| Trigone | smooth area in the bladder
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| Polyuria | large amount of urine
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| Urethra | carries urine from the bladder
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| Urinary catheterization | inserting a hollow tube for withdrawal of urine
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| Sphincter | ring of muscula tissue
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| Urinary Supression | body is not producting urine
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| Urination | micturition
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| Renal colic | kidney stone pain
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| Stress incontinence | urine loss associated with coughing or heavy lifting
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| Kidney stones | can be caused by hydronephrosis
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| Urinary meatus | opening of the urethra
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| Overflow incontinence | common with prostate problems
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| Emptying reflex | nerve impulse generated by the sacral spine
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| Internal urinary sphincter | involuntary
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| Enuresis | involuntary urination
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| Reflex incontinence | common following a spinal cord injury
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| Urinary retention | unable to void urine
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| Urethra | is much longer in a man
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| Dysuria | sign of a bladder infection
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| Renal calculi | kidney stones
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| Nocturnal enuresis | bed wetting at night
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| Hydronephrosis | swelling of kidney due to backup of urine
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| Lithotripsy | procedure to break up a kidney stone
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| Nephrities | inflammation of the kidney
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| Urethritis | inflammation of the urethra
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| Pyelonephritis | inflammation of the renal pelvis
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| Edema | tissue swelling
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| Hematuria | blood in the urine
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| Glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the glomerularus and kidney; damage to the glomerulus
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| Hypoalbuminemia | low albumin levels
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| Cystoscope | instrument to view the bladder
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| Proteinura | albumin in the urine
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| PKD | Polycystic kidney disease
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| Overactive bladder | need for frequent urinatiion
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| Renal Failure Stage 1 | asymptomatic
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| Renal Failure Stage 2 | renal insufficiency; concentrate urine is impaired; polyuria; dehydration
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| Renal Failure Stage 3 | Uremic syndrome; low urine production; oliguria; edema; hypertension; death
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| Retention | Bladder does not empty
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| Cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder
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| Micturition | Urination
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| Suppression | Kidneys not producing urine
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| Kidneys | The principal organ of the urinary system
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| Uremia | The condition that occurs when waste products in the blood quickly accumulate to toxic levels
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| The cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus function to regulate | Blood Pressure
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| Urine is formed by the nephron by means of which three processes? | filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
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| How much is reabsorbed from the proximal tubules? | 99%
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| The ureter of each kidney conducts urine from the kidney to the... | bladder
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| Attacks of renal colic are caused by | kidney stones
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| The mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of the... | external sphincter muscle of the bladder
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| Complete destruction or transsection of the sacral cord may lead to a condition called... | cystitis
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| Capillary Blood Pressure | Blood pressure within capillary vessels
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| Diurectic | A substance that stimulates the production of urine
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| Overhydration | Excessive amount of IV fluid-given to rapidly
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| Aldosterone | Controls sodium reabsorption; reduces urine volume; causes an increase in extracellular fluid
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| Water | Body's most abundant compound
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| Urine volume is regulate by... | hormones, ADH, and aldosterone
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| Ion | dissociated parts of an electrolyte; electrically charged atom or group of atoms
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| Renal tubule | one of the two principle parts of the nephron
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| Kidney | cleanses blood of waste
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| Edema | accumulation of fluid in tissues causing swelling
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| Substances that dissolve or break apart in water solution are called | electrolytes
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| The total body water can be subdivided into the... | intracellular and extrcellular fluid compartments
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| The three sources of fluid intake are | liquids, food, and catabolism of food
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| Factors for controlling plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid volumes... | concentration of electrolytes in extracellur fluid capillary blood pressure concentration of proteins in blood
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| This mechanism tends to restore normal extracellular fluid volume when it decreases below normal | aldosterone mechanism
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| What is the most important factor in determing urine volume? The rate of water and salt | resorption by the renal tubules
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| type of bond that does not permit the compound to break up in a solution are called... | nonelectrolytes
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| The dissociated parts of an electrolyte are | ions
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| Sodium is almost completely reabsorbed in the | large intestine
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| As capillary blood pressure increases | more fluid is filtered out of the blood into the IF
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| The amount of water that moves out of capillary blood into the IF depends on capillary blood pressure; however, the amount that moves in the opposite direction depends largely on the concentraton of | proteins in blood plasma
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| A substance that promotes or stimulates the production of urine is a | diuretic
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| The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body is a condition called | edema
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| The danger of giving intravenous fluids too rapidly or in too large amounts may lead to... | overhydration a heavy burden on the heart
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| Anything that causes an appreciable decrease in respirations will in time produce | acidosis
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| Repeated excessive vomiting results in | alkalosis
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| Untreated diabetes causes | acidosis
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| A pH higher than 7.0 is | alkaline
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| a pH lower than 7.0 is | acid
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| With a bicarbonate deficit, the pH is | acid
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| With a pH of 7.7, bicarbonate is | alkaline
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| With rapid excessive increase in respirations, the pH will be | alkalosis
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| With a pH of gastric juice at 1.6, it is | acid
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| Blood pH is said to be | alkaline
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| The mechanisms of the body operate to maintain the constancy of pH | buffers, respiratory mechanism, and urinary mechanism
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| Venous blood has a pH of... | 7.35
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| Arterial blood has a pH of... | 7.45
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| Ketone Bodies | the accumulation of these acidic substances is a result of excessive metabolism of fats
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| The technique adopted by some athletes that involves ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate to counteract the effect of lactic acid buildup is called | bicarbonate loading
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| When respiration is decreased, CO2 content | increases, H2CO3(carbonic acid) increases, and pH decreases
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| Decrease in blood pH below normal (acidosis) tends to | stimulate increased respirations
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| Anything that causes an excessive increase in respirations will in time produce | alkalosis
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| The body's last and best defense against wide variations in blood pH is the | kidneys
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| When a hydrogen ion diffuses out of the tubule cell into the urine, it replaces one of the sodium ion to form... | salt, which leaves the body in the urine
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| Disturbances in the acid-base balance can be dependent on the relative ratio of | NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) and H2CO3(carbonic acid)
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| Blood levels of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) are regulated by the kidneys while H2CO3(carbonic acid) levels are regulated by the... | lungs
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| The condition that occurs as a result of blood levels of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) decreasing, thus resulting in a lower ratio of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) to H2CO3(carbonic acid), is called | uncompensated metabolic acidosis
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| ICF | intracellular fluid; located inside the cells
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| IF | interstitial fluid; found around the cells
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| Fluid output | lungs, skin, kidneys, large intestine
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| Plasma | liquid part of the blood; ECF(extracellular fluid)
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| Blood protein decreases... | blood volume decreases, (IF) interstitial fluid volume increases
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| dissociate | break up
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| dehydration | fluid imbalance most commonly seen
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| nonelectrolytes | doesn't dissolve in water
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| high blood pressure increases... | (IF) interstitial fluid
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| chloride | most abundant negative ion
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| pitting edema | depressions in the skin that won't rapidly refill
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| Hypernatremia | increased sodium levels
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| Hypokalemia | decreased potassium levels
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| Hypercalcemia | increased calcium levels
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| Sodium | Natrium
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| Potassium | Kalium
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| Calcium | calcemia
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| Hyponatremia | decreased sodium levels
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| Hyperkalemia | increased potassium levels
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| Hypocalcemia | decreased calcium levels
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| Blood pressure goes up... | Interstitial Fluid (IF) increases
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| Blood pressure goes down... | Interstitial Fluid (IF) decreases
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| Plasma Proteins goes up... | Interstitial Fluid (IF) decreases
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| Plasma Proteins goes down... | Interstitial Fluid (IF) increases
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| The extracellular fluid compartment is... | composed of interstitial fluid and plasma
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| The largest volume of water in the human body is contained in which fluid compartment? | intercellular
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| Urine volume is regulated by three hormones: | ADH released from the pituitary gland
aldostrone released from the adrenal cortex
ANH (Atrial Natriuretic hormone)
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| When the blood level of aldostrone increases sodium is moved from the kidney tubules to the... | blood
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| Increased capillary pressure moves fluid from the plasma to the... | interstitial fluid
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| Blood plasma proteins act to move interstitial fluid into the... | plasma
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| When extracellular fluid volume decreases | aldosterone secretion increases
kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium increases
urine volume decreases
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| Acid-base balance means... | keeping the concentration of hydrogen ion in body fluids relatively constant
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| a pH higher than 7.0 indicates a... | base solution
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| a pH lower than 7.0 indicates an... | acid solution
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| NaHCO3 | sodium bicarbonate
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| H2CO3 | cardonic acid
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| H+ | hydrogen ions
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| OH- | Hydroxide ions
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| Most common buffer pair is | baking soda and carbonic acid
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| Acid range is... | 0 - 6.99
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| Base range is... | 7.01 - 15
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| Metabolic acidosis | bicarbonate deficit
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| Metabolic alkalosis | bicarbonate excess
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| Respiratory acidosis | carbonic acid excess
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| Respiratory alkalosis | carbonic acid deficit
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| Acidosis | pH imbalance, level falls closer to 7
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| Alkalosis | pH imbalance, level climbs higher than normal
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| Respiratory acidosis is caused by... | depressed breathing
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| Metabolic alkalosis is caused by... | loss of gastric fluid
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| Respiratory alkalosis is caused by... | hyperventilation
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| Metabolic acidosis is caused by... | uncontrolled diabetes
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| Blood levels of NaHCO (sodium bacarbonate) can be regulated by the... | kidneys
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| Blood levels of H2CO3 (carbonic acid) can be regulated by the... | lungs
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