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Urinary System

QuestionAnswer
Uremic poisoning toxic levels in the blood
Nephron microscopic unit of a kidney
Renal Medulla inner portion of the kidney
Erythropoietrin stimulates production of erythrocytes
Bowman capsule cup shaped top of a nephron
Function of the kidney clean waste from the blood
Renal pyramids triangular division of the kidney
Henle loop extension of the proximal tubule of the kidney
Calyx division of the renal pelvis
Retroperitoneal located behind the peritoneum
Reabsorption material moves from tubule into the blood
Filtration first step in the urine production
Renal papilla narrow end of the pyramid
Renal cortex outer part of the kidney
Glycosuria glucose in the urine
Glomerulus blood capillary inside the Bowman capsule
Renal pelvis upper expansion of the urteter
NaCl sodium chloride; table salt
Proximal convoluted tubule first part of the renal tubule
Potassium Vitamin K
Nephron is composed of two principal components renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Renal corpuscle consist of Glomerulus and Bowman capsule
Renal tubule consist of Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of the Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct
Where does filteration occur Renal corpuscles
Where does reabsorption occur Renal tubule
What carries urine from the kidneys ureter
ANH (Atrial Natruretic Hormone) secreted from the heart; increases urine output; urine loss hormone
Oliguria scanty amount of urine
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) secreted from the posterior pituitary gland; decreases the amount of urine
PKU Phenylketonuria
Secretion moves urine into the distal collecting duct
Sodium encourages water retention; most abundant positive ion
Anuria absence of urine
Renal Pelvis uppermost part of the ureter
Glycosuria sign of diabetes
Urinalysis examination of urine
Casts particle found in urine
Rugae folds in the urinary bladder
Trigone smooth area in the bladder
Polyuria large amount of urine
Urethra carries urine from the bladder
Urinary catheterization inserting a hollow tube for withdrawal of urine
Sphincter ring of muscula tissue
Urinary Supression body is not producting urine
Urination micturition
Renal colic kidney stone pain
Stress incontinence urine loss associated with coughing or heavy lifting
Kidney stones can be caused by hydronephrosis
Urinary meatus opening of the urethra
Overflow incontinence common with prostate problems
Emptying reflex nerve impulse generated by the sacral spine
Internal urinary sphincter involuntary
Enuresis involuntary urination
Reflex incontinence common following a spinal cord injury
Urinary retention unable to void urine
Urethra is much longer in a man
Dysuria sign of a bladder infection
Renal calculi kidney stones
Nocturnal enuresis bed wetting at night
Hydronephrosis swelling of kidney due to backup of urine
Lithotripsy procedure to break up a kidney stone
Nephrities inflammation of the kidney
Urethritis inflammation of the urethra
Pyelonephritis inflammation of the renal pelvis
Edema tissue swelling
Hematuria blood in the urine
Glomerulonephritis inflammation of the glomerularus and kidney; damage to the glomerulus
Hypoalbuminemia low albumin levels
Cystoscope instrument to view the bladder
Proteinura albumin in the urine
PKD Polycystic kidney disease
Overactive bladder need for frequent urinatiion
Renal Failure Stage 1 asymptomatic
Renal Failure Stage 2 renal insufficiency; concentrate urine is impaired; polyuria; dehydration
Renal Failure Stage 3 Uremic syndrome; low urine production; oliguria; edema; hypertension; death
Retention Bladder does not empty
Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Micturition Urination
Suppression Kidneys not producing urine
Kidneys The principal organ of the urinary system
Uremia The condition that occurs when waste products in the blood quickly accumulate to toxic levels
The cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus function to regulate Blood Pressure
Urine is formed by the nephron by means of which three processes? filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
How much is reabsorbed from the proximal tubules? 99%
The ureter of each kidney conducts urine from the kidney to the... bladder
Attacks of renal colic are caused by kidney stones
The mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of the... external sphincter muscle of the bladder
Complete destruction or transsection of the sacral cord may lead to a condition called... cystitis
Capillary Blood Pressure Blood pressure within capillary vessels
Diurectic A substance that stimulates the production of urine
Overhydration Excessive amount of IV fluid-given to rapidly
Aldosterone Controls sodium reabsorption; reduces urine volume; causes an increase in extracellular fluid
Water Body's most abundant compound
Urine volume is regulate by... hormones, ADH, and aldosterone
Ion dissociated parts of an electrolyte; electrically charged atom or group of atoms
Renal tubule one of the two principle parts of the nephron
Kidney cleanses blood of waste
Edema accumulation of fluid in tissues causing swelling
Substances that dissolve or break apart in water solution are called electrolytes
The total body water can be subdivided into the... intracellular and extrcellular fluid compartments
The three sources of fluid intake are liquids, food, and catabolism of food
Factors for controlling plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid volumes... concentration of electrolytes in extracellur fluid capillary blood pressure concentration of proteins in blood
This mechanism tends to restore normal extracellular fluid volume when it decreases below normal aldosterone mechanism
What is the most important factor in determing urine volume? The rate of water and salt resorption by the renal tubules
type of bond that does not permit the compound to break up in a solution are called... nonelectrolytes
The dissociated parts of an electrolyte are ions
Sodium is almost completely reabsorbed in the large intestine
As capillary blood pressure increases more fluid is filtered out of the blood into the IF
The amount of water that moves out of capillary blood into the IF depends on capillary blood pressure; however, the amount that moves in the opposite direction depends largely on the concentraton of proteins in blood plasma
A substance that promotes or stimulates the production of urine is a diuretic
The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body is a condition called edema
The danger of giving intravenous fluids too rapidly or in too large amounts may lead to... overhydration a heavy burden on the heart
Anything that causes an appreciable decrease in respirations will in time produce acidosis
Repeated excessive vomiting results in alkalosis
Untreated diabetes causes acidosis
A pH higher than 7.0 is alkaline
a pH lower than 7.0 is acid
With a bicarbonate deficit, the pH is acid
With a pH of 7.7, bicarbonate is alkaline
With rapid excessive increase in respirations, the pH will be alkalosis
With a pH of gastric juice at 1.6, it is acid
Blood pH is said to be alkaline
The mechanisms of the body operate to maintain the constancy of pH buffers, respiratory mechanism, and urinary mechanism
Venous blood has a pH of... 7.35
Arterial blood has a pH of... 7.45
Ketone Bodies the accumulation of these acidic substances is a result of excessive metabolism of fats
The technique adopted by some athletes that involves ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate to counteract the effect of lactic acid buildup is called bicarbonate loading
When respiration is decreased, CO2 content increases, H2CO3(carbonic acid) increases, and pH decreases
Decrease in blood pH below normal (acidosis) tends to stimulate increased respirations
Anything that causes an excessive increase in respirations will in time produce alkalosis
The body's last and best defense against wide variations in blood pH is the kidneys
When a hydrogen ion diffuses out of the tubule cell into the urine, it replaces one of the sodium ion to form... salt, which leaves the body in the urine
Disturbances in the acid-base balance can be dependent on the relative ratio of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) and H2CO3(carbonic acid)
Blood levels of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) are regulated by the kidneys while H2CO3(carbonic acid) levels are regulated by the... lungs
The condition that occurs as a result of blood levels of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) decreasing, thus resulting in a lower ratio of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) to H2CO3(carbonic acid), is called uncompensated metabolic acidosis
ICF intracellular fluid; located inside the cells
IF interstitial fluid; found around the cells
Fluid output lungs, skin, kidneys, large intestine
Plasma liquid part of the blood; ECF(extracellular fluid)
Blood protein decreases... blood volume decreases, (IF) interstitial fluid volume increases
dissociate break up
dehydration fluid imbalance most commonly seen
nonelectrolytes doesn't dissolve in water
high blood pressure increases... (IF) interstitial fluid
chloride most abundant negative ion
pitting edema depressions in the skin that won't rapidly refill
Hypernatremia increased sodium levels
Hypokalemia decreased potassium levels
Hypercalcemia increased calcium levels
Sodium Natrium
Potassium Kalium
Calcium calcemia
Hyponatremia decreased sodium levels
Hyperkalemia increased potassium levels
Hypocalcemia decreased calcium levels
Blood pressure goes up... Interstitial Fluid (IF) increases
Blood pressure goes down... Interstitial Fluid (IF) decreases
Plasma Proteins goes up... Interstitial Fluid (IF) decreases
Plasma Proteins goes down... Interstitial Fluid (IF) increases
The extracellular fluid compartment is... composed of interstitial fluid and plasma
The largest volume of water in the human body is contained in which fluid compartment? intercellular
Urine volume is regulated by three hormones: ADH released from the pituitary gland aldostrone released from the adrenal cortex ANH (Atrial Natriuretic hormone)
When the blood level of aldostrone increases sodium is moved from the kidney tubules to the... blood
Increased capillary pressure moves fluid from the plasma to the... interstitial fluid
Blood plasma proteins act to move interstitial fluid into the... plasma
When extracellular fluid volume decreases aldosterone secretion increases kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium increases urine volume decreases
Acid-base balance means... keeping the concentration of hydrogen ion in body fluids relatively constant
a pH higher than 7.0 indicates a... base solution
a pH lower than 7.0 indicates an... acid solution
NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate
H2CO3 cardonic acid
H+ hydrogen ions
OH- Hydroxide ions
Most common buffer pair is baking soda and carbonic acid
Acid range is... 0 - 6.99
Base range is... 7.01 - 15
Metabolic acidosis bicarbonate deficit
Metabolic alkalosis bicarbonate excess
Respiratory acidosis carbonic acid excess
Respiratory alkalosis carbonic acid deficit
Acidosis pH imbalance, level falls closer to 7
Alkalosis pH imbalance, level climbs higher than normal
Respiratory acidosis is caused by... depressed breathing
Metabolic alkalosis is caused by... loss of gastric fluid
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by... hyperventilation
Metabolic acidosis is caused by... uncontrolled diabetes
Blood levels of NaHCO (sodium bacarbonate) can be regulated by the... kidneys
Blood levels of H2CO3 (carbonic acid) can be regulated by the... lungs
Created by: themcdermitts
 

 



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