Chapter 27: The musculoskeletal system
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| abduction | movement away from the midline or the axis of the body
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| acetabulum | area of the pelvis where the femur attaches to form the hip joint
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| adduction | movement toward the midline or the axis of the body
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| appendicular skeleton | contains bones of the body that hang, the limbs or appendages
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| arthritis | inflammation of the joints
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| atlas | the first cervical vertebrae located at the base of the brain that allows for up and down motions of the head
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| axial skeleton | contains bones of the body that lie perpendicular or lengthwise
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| axis | second cervical vertebrae that allows for rotation and shaking of the head
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| ball and socket | joint that rotates in numerous directions
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| bone | hard, active tissue that consists mostly of calcium and forms the skeleton of the body, gives body support, structure, and protection
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| bone marrow | fluid within the medullary cavity where blood cells are produced
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| bone plate | surgical steel plate placed around a fractured bone that holds the bone together with surgical scres
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| callus | cartilage that rebuilds and thickens over a fractured bone that has healed
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| cancellous bone | sponge like, softer layer of bone located inside the ends of bone
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| cannon | long bones in hoofed animals located above the ankle joint
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| carpal | lower leg that is similar to the wrist
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| carpus | joint formed by several carpal bones and arranged in two rows in the area of the wrist
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| cartilage | forms at the ends of bones to protect and cushion the bone
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| cartilage joint | connects at the end of a joint where two bones meets and acts as a cushion
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| cast | material made of a hard substance and placed over a broken bone to keep the bone in place as it heals
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| cerclage wire | surgical wire used to hold fragments of broken bone together while healing
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| cervical | first section of the spinal column located over the neck area
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| coccygeal | last section of the vertebrae that lies over the tail area
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| comminuted fracture | bone breaks in several different locations and causes fragments
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| compact bone | thick tissue that forms the outer layer of bone
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| compound fracture | a break in the bone that causes the bone to break through and penetrate the skin
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| cranial drawer sign | in and out movement or motion of the knee when the cruciate ligament is torn
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| cruciate ligament tear | common knee injury to large breed dogs that tears the ligament over the patella
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| dewclaw | the short inside bone that forms the first digit that acts as an opposable thumb
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| dislocation | a bone that complete moves out of place
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| endosteum | thin connective tissue covering inner bone
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| extension | bending causing the joint to open and lengthen
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| femur | large upper bone of the rear leg, thigh bone
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| fibrous joint | fixed joint with little or no movement
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| fibula | small bone that lies in the lower rear leg and in the back of the limb
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| flexion | bending causing the joint to close and shorten
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| forelimb | the front leg of an animal
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| fracture | broken bone
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| growth plate | area of bone in young animals that allows the bones to grow and mature as the animal ages and the cartilage turns to bone
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| hinge | joint that opens and closes
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| hip dysplasia | common genetic condition of large breed dogs where the ball and socket joint of the femur and pelvis becomes diseased
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| hock | common term for the point of the rear leg where the tibia and fibula meet
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| humerus | large upper bone of the forelimb
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| ilium | first section of the pelvis
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| IM pin | intramedullary pin
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| intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) | common injury of the back in long backed breeds where inflammation and swelling occur when one vertebrae puts pressure on another
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| intramedually pin | stainless steel pin or rod placed into the center of a broken bone to keep the bone in place as it heals
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| ischium | section section of the pelvis
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| joints | where two bones meet and allows a bending motion
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| ligament | fibrous strands of tissue that attach bone to bone
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| loin | lower back or lumbar area
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| lumbar | third section of the vertebrae that lie over the lower back
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| luxation | a bone that comes completely out of place when broken
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| mandible | lower jaw
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| maxilla | upper jaw
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| medullary cavity | hollow center within bone where blood cells are produced
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| meniscus | ligament that lies directly over the patella and forms an x shape over the cruciate ligament
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| metacarpal | bones that form the long bones of the feet in the forelimbs
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| metatarsal | bones that form the long bones of the feet in the hind limb
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| muscle | structures located throughout the animal's body that attach to different locations and serve to protect, allow bending and movement, and aid in the strength of an animal
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| musculoskeletal system | body system consisting of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments
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| olecranon | the elbow
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| ossification | the formation of bones
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| patella | knee cap that forms joint of the upper and lower rear leg
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| pelvic limb | rear leg of an animal
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| pelvis | hip bone
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| periosteum | thin connective tissue covering outer bone
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| phalanges | toes or digits
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| pivot | joint that rotates around a fixed point
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| pubis | third section of the pelvis
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| radius | larger bone of the front of the lower forelimb
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| rib | bone that attaches to individual thoracic vertebrae and protects the heart and lungs
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| sacral | the fourth section of the vertebrae that lies over the pelvic area
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| sacrum | area over the pelvis that is fused together and forms the highest point of the hip joint
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| scapula | shoulder blade
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| simple fracture | a break in the bone that may be complete or incomplete, but does not break the skin, also known as a closed fracture
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| sinuses | small, open spaces of air located within the skull and nasal bones
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| skull | the bone that holds and protects the brain and head area
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| spinal column | extends from the base of the skull to the end of the tail and allows movement, also called the spine
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| spinal cord | canal of nerves that run through the center of the vertebrae located in the spinal column
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| splint | support applied to a broken bone with bandage and padding to allow a bone to heal
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| splint bone | two small bones on the back of a horse's cannon bone that may become inflammed from large amounts of work and stress on the legs
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| sternum | breastbone that protects the organs of the chest
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| subluxate | bone partially out of place
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| suture | where two fibrous joints meet, fine line where little or no movement occurs
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| synovial joint | moveable joint in the area where two joints meet
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| tarsal | the point of the rear leg where the tibia and fibula meet, ankle area
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| tarsus | joint of the ankle of the rear limb
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| tendon | fibrous strands of tissue that attach bone to muscle
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| thoracic | second section of the vertebrae located over the chest area
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| tibia | larger bone in the lower rear leg and lies in front
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| ulna | small bone on the back of the lower forelimb
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| vertebrae | individual bones of the spine that surround and protect the spinal cord
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