Biological Bases of Behavior:
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| show | a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.) (pp. 10,
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| show | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. (p. 53)
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| sensory neurons | show 🗑
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| motor neurons | show 🗑
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| interneurons | show 🗑
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| dendrite | show 🗑
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| show | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. (p. 53)
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| myelin | show 🗑
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| action potential | show 🗑
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| threshold | show 🗑
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| synapse | show 🗑
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| show | chem. messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
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| reuptake | show 🗑
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| endorphins | show 🗑
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| nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | the brain and spinal cord. (p. 59)
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | show 🗑
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| show | bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. (p. 59)
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| somatic nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. (p. 59)
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| autonomic | show 🗑
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| sympathetic nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. (p. 60)
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| show | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. (p. 61)
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| show | system the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. (p. 62)
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| hormones | show 🗑
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| adrenal | show 🗑
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| show | the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. (p. 63)
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| lesion | show 🗑
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| electroencephalogram (EEG) | show 🗑
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| show | a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT scan. (p. 68)
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| PET (positron emission tomography) scan | show 🗑
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| show | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. (p. 68)
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| show | a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function. (p. 68)
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| brainstem | show 🗑
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| medulla | show 🗑
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| reticular formation | show 🗑
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| show | the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. (p. 70)
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| cerebellum | show 🗑
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| show | doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. (p. 71)
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| amygdala | show 🗑
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| show | a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. (p. 72)
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| cerebral | show 🗑
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| show | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. (p. 74)
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| frontal lobes | show 🗑
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| parietal | show 🗑
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| show | lobes portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields. (p. 74)
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| show | portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. (p. 74)
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| show | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. (p. 75)
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| show | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. (p. 77)
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| association areas | show 🗑
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| show | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding). (p. 80)
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| show | controls language expression—an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. (p. 80)
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| show | controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (p. 80)
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| plasticity | show 🗑
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| neurogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. (p. 84)
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| split brain | show 🗑
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| show | our awareness of ourselves and our environment. (pp. 89, 176)
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| show | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). (pp. 7, 89)
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| dual processing | show 🗑
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| show | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. (p. 95)
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| environment | show 🗑
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| show | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. (p. 95)
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | show 🗑
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| genes | show 🗑
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| show | the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes. (p. 96)
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| identical twins | show 🗑
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| fraternal twins | show 🗑
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| heritability | show 🗑
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| interaction | show 🗑
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| molecular genetics | show 🗑
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| show | the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection. (pp. 10, 103)
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| show | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (pp. 8, 103)
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| mutation | show 🗑
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