RadRes Preparation for Fluoro/Radiography Supervisor/Op Exam for Residents
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Long term effects of radiation exposure (such as cancer, etc.) are called: ...genetic effects? ...somatic effects? ...acute effects? ...teratogenic effects? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 Roentgen. In Appendix 1. This is the old definition of charges liberated in air; SI definition is 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg air.
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| What is the maximum allowable exposure rate of a fluoroscopic beam which is used on a typical patient during routine fluoroscopy? | show 🗑
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| T/F? Leakage radiation is an important factor when calculating shielding for primary barriers. | show 🗑
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| show | "does not affect HVL" is false. Filtration will increase the HVL (half value layer) by preferentially removing low energy photons in the output spectrum.
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| show | Automatic Brightness Control is not required, but everything else listed is.
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| show | 12 inches
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| show | "increase pt exposure": When going from a large field of view (FOV) to a small FOV, a decrease in brightness gain occurs in the II; compensation is obtained by increasing the exposure to the detector (and thus the patient).
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| The maximum allowable exposure to a person in a controlled area is: ...100 mR/week? ...0.01 R/week? ...1 R? ...10 mR? | show 🗑
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| In cine-fluoroscopy, maximum magnification is achieved by: ...total overframing? ...mean diameter framing? ...exact framing? ...maximum horizontal framing? | show 🗑
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| The overall statistical quality of an image intensified fluoroscopic system is determined by the ____. | show 🗑
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| show | use factor for sec barriers always 1. USE FACTOR is fr of time radiat'n will be on barrier. Primary radn: depends on time beam is on given wall w/o other barrier (such as II), <<1. Secondary radn: (leakage/scatter) radn always hitting walls.
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| show | 4.5 R/min at 30 cm from image intensifier using 7-7/8 inches Lucite. Must be <5 R/min. In OVERTABLE fluoro unit, exposure is measured at 30 cm from the II when possible. A phantom that simulates a typical patient attenuation is 7-7/8" Lucite or 9" water.
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| show | 0.5 mm lead shielding device for the bucky slot. A Bucky slot cover is a protective device to shield the user from scattered radiation when the undertable cassette is not used. It must have at least 0.25 mm Pb thickness (i.e., 0.5 mm is not required).
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| show | Leakage radiation must be less than 100 mR/hr at 1 meter from the tube.
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| Image intensified fluoroscopy allows the physician to use which of the following visual characteristics which was unusable with conventional fluoroscopy? ...scotopic vision? ...acuity? ...photopic vision? ...integration time. | show 🗑
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| Protective aprons worn by personnel during a fluoroscopic examination where the minimum exposure rate is 5 mR/hr MUST contain the equivalent of what thickness of lead? | show 🗑
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| show | quarterly whole body dose of 1350 mrem. A quarterly dose of 1350 mrem exceeds the provisions of 1250 mrem/quarter and therefore must be reported within 30 days.
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| What is the approximate magnitude of scatter at tableside (1-3 feet from the table) during fluoroscopy? ...50-500 mR/hr? ...50-500 mR/min? ...500-1,000 mR/hr? ...5-50 mR/hr? | show 🗑
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| The statistical fluctuation for a beam of photons with 10,000 photons per square mm is ±100 (±1%). What is the statistical fluctuation for a beam of photons with 2500 photons per square mm? ...± 50? ...± 1 percent? ...± 25? ...± 10 percent? | show 🗑
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| show | 10 mR. At 2 feet, exposure is 50 mR in 15 minutes, or 200 mR/hr. At 4 feet, distance is doubled so exposure will be ¼ of exposure at 2 feet, therefore 50 mR/hr. For 12 minutes of exposure time, the total exposure will be 50 mR/hr * (12/60), or 10 mR.
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| The integration time for the human eye is: ...20 milliseconds? ...0.2 seconds? ...2.0 seconds? ...50 milliseconds? | show 🗑
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| If the exposure rate of 3 feet from a patient undergoing fluoroscopy at 100 kVp and 2 mA is 300 mR/hr, what is the exposure rate if the mA is increased to 3 mA? | show 🗑
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| What is the minimum filtration requirement for fluoroscopic equipment? | show 🗑
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| The maximum allowable whole body occupational dose is ? ...500 mrem/year? ...1250 mrem/quarter? ...7.5 rem/quarter? ...400 mrem/month? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following best represents the reduction in radiation intensity for a beam of photons passing through 10 half-value layers of shielding? ...1/1000? ...1/500? ...1/2000? ...1/100? | show 🗑
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| The recommended dose to a fetus during pregnancy for an occupational worker is: ...0.5 rem per quarter? ...0.05 rem per month? ...500 mrem per gestational period? ...5 mrem per month during gestational period? | show 🗑
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| show | source says "10 mR/week. Uncontrolled area has general public limits which are 1/10 of controlled area (e.g., 500 mR/yr or roughly 10 mR/wk)." check this, as limit should be .1 rem/yr.
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| Radiation effects due to a 1000 rem whole body dose can probably NOT be reduced by: ...using a low dose rate? ...fractionating the dose? ...using neutrons instead of x-rays? ...none of the above? | show 🗑
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| In an image intensifier, brightness gain results from: ...minification gain and contrast ratio? ...quantum sink and contrast ratio? ...flux gain and contrast ratio? ...flux gain and minification gain? | show 🗑
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| In an image intensifier, x-ray photons are converted to photo-electrons by the: ...input phosphor? ...anode? ...photocathode? ...output phosphor? | show 🗑
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| show | Kell factor
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| For a diagnostic x-ray system, which of the following is directly proportional to the exposure delivered to the patient? ...kVp? ...milliamperage? ...filtration? ...target-to-patient distance? | show 🗑
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| The major advantage of video discs over video tape is: ...better image quality with less patient exposure? ...better ability to record motion? ...random access of images? ...less physical wear? | show 🗑
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| show | increase patient dose. Inverse square law: the image will be magnified, field size at the table top will be reduced to ensure that only the input phosphor is irradiated, thereby concentrating the dose to a smaller area on the skin.
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| What is the maximum recommended exposure for x-ray film which is to be stored for 1 month (4 weeks)? ...0.02 mR/week? ...0.05 mR/week? ...0.2 mR/week? ...0.5 mR/week? | show 🗑
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| show | the maximum continuous mA must be calculated from the tube rating chart.
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| show | interlaced scanning fields. Interlaced scanning allows ½ of total image (odd lines or even lines) to be displayed in ½ the time (then remaining odd/even lines displayed also in ½ the time), allowing a field rate of 60/sec at frame rate of 30/sec.
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| If we have an f/2.8 lens and wish to change to a lens which is twice as fast (passes twice as much light), which lens would you choose? ...f/1.4? ...f/4.0? ...f/5.6? ...f/2.0? | show 🗑
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| show | contrast is the ratio of the intensity of one area to another adjoining area.
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| show | highest signal on the curve
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| The biggest advantage in using a television system to view image intensified fluoroscopy rather than direct viewing is that television systems have: ...better resolution? ...less lag? ...less distortion? ...better contrast? | show 🗑
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| show | 2.2 R/min. Approximately 2 R/mA continuous at 80 kVp at the tabletop.
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| show | contrast ratio
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| show | rad
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| show | brightness. The center area of the image has the greatest brightness and resolution. The fall-off of brightness at the edges of the field is known as vignetting. The least distortion (geometric) is also at the center.
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| The reduced brightness at the periphery of a fluoroscopic image as compared to the center of the image is called: ...aberration? ...refraction? ...vignetting? ...lag? | show 🗑
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| show | all of the above. The aperture will help decrease scattered light in the lens, reduce aberrations by using only the central portion (also increase resolution). The down side is reduced lens speed and therefore increased patient dose.
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| The number of horizontal scan lines for a 19 inch television monitor compared to a 12 inch monitor will: ...depend on the Kell factor? ...increase proportionately? ...remain the same? ...depend on the make and model of the monitor? | show 🗑
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| If the exposure area is doubled by opening the collimators, the patient dose and scatter to the operator will ___. | show 🗑
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| show | cesium iodide
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| The inherent spatial resolution of a 9 inch diameter input image intensifier is approximately ___ lp/mm. | show 🗑
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| show | decrease, four (half the size in two dimensions, length and width)
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| show | 15 microR/frame.
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| show | 144 (i.e., 12 x 12)
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| For "special activation" fluoroscopy, the maximum tabletop exposure permitted by the state of California Title 17 Radiation Control Regulations is ___. | show 🗑
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| show | 30 cm away from the input phosphor.
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| A 100 mm photospot camera in the 9 inch mode of operation delivers approximately ___ microR/frame to the input phosphor. | show 🗑
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| The typical resolution delivered by a 525 line closed circuit television camera for a 9 inch FOV image display is ___ lp/mm. | show 🗑
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| show | image intensifier input exposure to output light gain
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| show | convert light into electrons
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| show | decreases, decreases
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| show | aperture
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| The component in the fluoroscopy imaging chain that creates the most "image lag" is the _____. | show 🗑
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| show | 5 R/min
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| show | less, more
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| show | Flux gain x Minification gain.
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| To preserve image contrast and brightness in a fluoroscopic study when panning from a thin to a thick part of the body, the automatic exposure control system should __ Increase/Maintain/Decrease?__ the kV and __ Increase/Maintain?Decrease?__ the mA. | show 🗑
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| show | 2 R/min per mA of current
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| Interlaced scanning of the TV target provides a field rate of ___ Hz and a frame rate of ___ Hz. | show 🗑
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| show | 262. Interlaced creates each frame with half of the total number of lines, doubling the field rate (actual frame rate stays the same) and reducing flicker. The total number of horizontal lines on a TV image is 525. Half of 525 is 262.
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| A spacer attached to the x-ray tube on a portable C-arm fluoroscope must limit the minimum xray source to patient distance to ___ inches, according to Title 17 California Radiation Control Regulations. | show 🗑
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| show | 4 mR/min (about 1/100 of the table top exposure from primary beam)
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| A cumulative timer measuring fluoro "on" time must provide an audible signal every ____. (What time interval?) | show 🗑
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| show | Image brightness loss at edges of image.
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| show | 1%
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| show | increases, decreases
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| show | all of the above.
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| show | records the exposure to ionizing radiation that has occurred.
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| The protective curtain used on a fluoroscopy unit must have a minimum of ____ mm lead equivalent thickness. | show 🗑
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| show | the image intensifier and housing serve as a primary barrier.
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| show | a protective radiation barrier to attenuate scattered radiation.
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| show | 3%
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| The "latent period" with respect to biological effects of ionizing radiation is ___. | show 🗑
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| show | brain tissues.
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| One minute of fluoroscopy on a typical adult delivers at the tabletop approximately ___ times the exposure due to natural background radiation in one year. | show 🗑
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| show | injuries expressed as genetic changes in future generations.
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| The most radio-sensitive period during gestation of the fetus is ___. (weeks 0-2, weeks 2-6), second trimester, third trimester, just before birth?) | show 🗑
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| All of following will decr exposure EXCEPT: ...minimize “on” time? ...using "last-frame-hold”? ...keeping patient-detector distance as large as allowable? ...collimating beam to smallest field size practicable? ...using highest kVp and lowest mA possible? | show 🗑
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| show | cones, bright
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| show | week, mA and kV
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| The total amount of filtration in an x-ray tube used for fluoroscopy purposes must be a minimum of ____. | show 🗑
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| When moving one-half the distance closer to the source of radiation, the incident exposure __increases/decreases?__ by a factor of __how many?__ times. | show 🗑
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| A dose of 1 mGy is equivalent to ___ mrad. | show 🗑
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| show | 2 mR/min. Most closely approximates 100 mR/hr (see pg 116 of fluoro).
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| To preserve image resolution, the most important aspect of cine-angiography listed below for imaging of the coronary arteries is: …focal spot size? …8:1 anti-scatter grid? …magnification mode of the II? …short exposure pulse width with high mA? | show 🗑
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| show | number of x-ray photons absorbed by the image intensifier input phosphor
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| All items below are part of the x-ray tube except: ...rotating anode? ...focusing cup? ...photocathode? ...evacuated envelope? ...tungsten filament? | show 🗑
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| show | electrostatic lenses
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| show | all of the above
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| Biological effects of radiation are known to be influenced by all EXCEPT: ...type of radiation and dose rate? ...size of cells in tissue exposed? ...total dose received by tissue? ...type of cells in tissue exposed? | show 🗑
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| As the kilovoltage peak (kVp) is increased and the milliampere seconds (mAs) is correspondingly decreased, what happens to patient skin exposure? | show 🗑
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| The greatest contribution of unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient comes from the x-ray operator's failure to: | show 🗑
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| All of following must be posted in x-ray areas EXCEPT: ...each x-ray supervisor/operator permit? each technologist certificate and fluoroscopy permit? Rad Health Dept form RH-2364, "Notice to Employees."? each physician's license for the healing arts? | show 🗑
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| During a 2-minute (fluoroscopy exposure time) routine upper GI series examination, a typical x-ray exposure to the patient is: Choices are 0.5 roentgens, 1.0 roentgens, 6.0 roentgens, or 30.0 roentgens. | show 🗑
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| CA Radiation Control Regulations define “dose” as radiation absorbed per mass. Whole-body dose includes which of following (choose any/all that apply): Head and trunk? Gonads? Hand and Feet? Ocular lens? Blood-forming organs? Whole body? | show 🗑
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| A film badge report expresses an individual's radiation dose equivalent in what units? | show 🗑
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| show | indefinitely
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| A certain x-ray tube at a given kilovolt peak (kVp) delivers 4 milliroentgens (mR) per one milliampere-second (mAs) at 40 inches distance. At 80 inches distance, the radiation output from the x-ray tube (in mR/mAs) will be: (choices are 16, 8, 2, or 1) | show 🗑
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| If you convert 12 milliroentgens (mR) to roentgens (R), you will have: | show 🗑
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| All of the following influence the tabletop exposure rate except: ...filtration? ...kilovolt peak (kVp) used? ...target-to-panel distance? ...light in the fluoroscopy room? | show 🗑
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| show | 500 milliroentgens (mR) per hour (see pg 116 fluoro)
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| show | one that stops when the pressure on it is released
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| show | I, III, and IV only. Boosts current & potential, continuous manual activation and audible signal are required (does not raise table)
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| When a C-arm is used for AP chest view, in which direction is the most scatter? (answers might include ...45 degrees from primary beam? 90 degrees from primary beam?135 degrees from primary beam? 180 degrees from primary beam?) | show 🗑
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| Which method of gonadal shielding is best for use during fluoroscopy? | show 🗑
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| What is a typical setting for milliamperage (mA) during spot filming? …2? …5? …10? 150? | show 🗑
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| The California Radiation Control Regulations require that tube potential (kVp) and current (mA) be monitored how often? | show 🗑
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| show | 12 inches (30 cm)
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| show | 0.5 mm lead (twice that of aprons, curtains, and the Bucky slot cover, which all need minimum 0.25 mm lead). See pg 88 fluoro, note at bottom.
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| What is the purpose of synchronization in CINE? | show 🗑
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| show | 0.2 sec
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| show | flux gain and minification
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| The best description of virtual image is: ...image created by actual intersection of light rays? ...image on cine film? ...television image? ...image that cannot be projected and exists only for computational purposes? | show 🗑
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| What is the number of horizontal lines on a standard TV monitor? | show 🗑
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| When switching from a 15 inch to a 19 inch TV screen, does the number of horizontal lines change? | show 🗑
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| show | 5 mA
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| Doubling the exposure time of the patient does what to the total exposure to the patient? | show 🗑
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| CA Radiation Control Regs require a cumulative manual-reset timer activated by exposure switch that produces an audible signal and temporarily interrupts x-ray beam when fluoro time has exceeded a predetermined time limit of no more than how long? | show 🗑
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| Post-1974 fluoro equipment EQUIPPED WITH automatic exposure controls (AEC) shall not be operable at any combination of tube potential and current which will result in skin exposure rate from primary/useful beam in excess of ___ roentgens/minute. | show 🗑
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| Post-1974 fluoro equipment WITHOUT automatic exposure controls (AEC) shall not be operable at any combination of tube potential and current which will result in skin exposure rate from primary/useful beam in excess of ___ roentgens/minute. | show 🗑
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| show | effects exhibited in future offspring of persons who have been irradiated
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| show | 15 rad
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| show | medical
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| show | It takes a certain amount of time for the image to build up and decay on the vidicon target.
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| show | 0.25 mm lead
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| show | three-phase generators don't affect patient dose, but they have advantages of relatively high mA available, high effective kV, and near constant potential
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| show | 100 millirems, same as 0.1 rem (this is for “high radiation” area. Bonus: what is a “radiation area” limit? 1/20 of this.)
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| The SI unit which is analogous to the rem is the ___. | show 🗑
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| Define half value layer (HVL). | show 🗑
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| show | 100 R. Assume 5 R/min for fluoro and 50 R/min for cine.
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| show | 10-30 rads. Remember <5 mA for standard fluoro (usually lower, 1-3 mA), and 2.2 R/min tabletop exposure per mA at 80 kVp, and rads and Roentgens values roughly equivalent for x-rays.
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| show | 1,000 millirads, or 1 rad. Assume HVL=5 cm in tissue, fetus roughly 10-15 cm deep. 5 R after 2-3 half-value layers ==> 2.5, 1.25, 0.6125 rads ==> closest values is 1. Roentgen roughly equivalent to rad for x-rays as far as VALUES are concerned.
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| During a CINE exam in which 35 mm film and a frame rate of 30 frames/second are utilized, what is the approximate skin exposure rate? ...1 roentgen/minute? ...2-5 roentgens/minute? ...5-10 roentgens/minute? ...10-20 roentgens/minute. | show 🗑
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| show | 1,000 millirads. Same as 1 rad. (Why? Sketchy questions.)
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| show | decrease in light intensity at the periphery of an image (NOT “the brightness ratio of the periphery to the center of the output intensifying screen”)
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| If a protective apron of 0.25 mm lead is worn, what is the typical exposure REDUCTION beneath the apron? | show 🗑
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| show | wraparound (side panel) lead glass eyeglasses
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| What is the definition of a filter? | show 🗑
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| show | bone marrow
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| Stray x-radiation which comes from the x-ray tube housing is called: | show 🗑
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| All of the following are types of personnel monitoring devices except: …geiger counters? …pocket ion chambers? …thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)? …film badge? | show 🗑
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| The “useful” or “primary” beam is defined as: | show 🗑
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| All fluoro and x-ray tubes must have “diagnostic-type tube housing,” meaning the housing must limit leakage radiation at a distance of 1 meter from the target to no more than: | show 🗑
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| show | 12 inches or 30 cm source-skin distance.
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| show | densitometer
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| An instrument used to expose film to precisely controlled steps of increasing light intensity is a ____. | show 🗑
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| show | step-wedge (or penetrometer)
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| show | 20 mrads (0.02 rad)
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| Best gonad shielding for upright XR | show 🗑
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| show | Static electricity
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| show | weekly (page 69 fluoro). Keep logs for 3 years.
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| show | Characteristic curve, also known as an H & D curve.
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| show | lymphocytes
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| show | base + fog. Optical density of film due to its base density plus any action of the developer on unexposed silver halide crystals. Can be measured by passing unexposed film through the processing cycle and measuring optical density with densitometer.
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| What are some causes of different artifacts on x-ray films? | show 🗑
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| Grid increases or decreases patient dose? | show 🗑
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| Deliberately subjecting person to primary radiation for the purpose of teaching is allowed when? | show 🗑
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| If an operator had 500 mrem reading on his badge in one month what does that mean? …Bad x-ray practice? …wrong location? …inaccurate reading? | show 🗑
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| Somatic indicators include what? | show 🗑
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| Time it takes for the eye to recognize an image is defined as | show 🗑
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| show | everything except below knees, and distal to elbows
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| True or False: ALARA is based on the principle that no radiation dose is safe. | show 🗑
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| show | all of these
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| show | photoelectric effect
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| The main reason for using gonad shielding is... | show 🗑
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| How should you handle film? …holding at an angle? …clean hands? …at the corner? | show 🗑
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| show | bone
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| show | False. It decreases exposure, thus decreasing scatter radiation.
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| show | Old or contaminated processing solutions, exposure to chemical fumes, faulty darkroom safelight, and/or scatter radiation.
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| show | error in exposure factors cause 50% of retakes, (next is positioning errors, for 25% of retakes). pg 32 radiogr
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| show | at the center of the proposed beam
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| What conditions are films best stored in? …vertically or flat? …room temp? …humidity? | show 🗑
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| show | False (film speed DOES influence pt exposure), and True (I think, but could not find reference). Focal spot size affects image resolution. However, focal spot to film distance definitely affects pt exposure. pg 30 radiogr.
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| Which is responsible for density on unexposed film? choices include base + fog, fog, etc. | show 🗑
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| show | (pg 27 of syllabus) Know it.
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| show | Kilovoltage (kVp), Part thickness, Field size/area exposed, Tissue density. (pg 28 radiogr)
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| Most common reason for retakes is ___. | show 🗑
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| show | "never passes through cell without causing damage" is NOT true. If some x-rays didn't pass through unaffected, radiology would only consist of MRI and U/S.
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| True/False: Infertility is a long-term effect of radiation exposure. | show 🗑
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| Know which cells are most affected by radiation -lymphocytes v granulocytes v stomach v brain v myeloblasts... (myeloblasts vs lymphocytes?) | show 🗑
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| show | Collimate? NOT "stand behind primary barrier." Look for "Keep your fingers out of the beam."
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| show | to allow calculation of exposure regardless of energy or type radiation. pg 56 radiogr
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| What to do if patient receives 6 rems of radiation within a 24 hr period? | show 🗑
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| show | Keep employee aware, but 150 mrem/mo (or .15 rem/mo) is within 5 rem/yr WB dose equivalent if continued for 12 months. (would be 1.8 rem)
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| show | Inform employee and make necessary changes in practices. This is on track to surpass 5 rem/year. (would be 6 rem over 12 months)
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||||
| QC requirements: Which of these require daily QC? Sensitometer, densitometer, tank, developer, fixer, etc | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | phototimer
🗑
|
||||
| What is the definition of attenuation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Base+Fog: optical density of film due to its base density PLUS any action of the developer on the unexposed silver halide crystals. Measured with unexposed film through processing cycle and measuring optical density with a densitometer. See pg 116 radiogr
🗑
|
||||
| What is the organ weighting factor for gonads? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does chemical artifact appear on the film? (dark spots, bright spots, bright streaks?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | must be worn only when on the job, and the equipment (device) should be stored in a safe place at the X-ray facility. pg 55 radiogr
🗑
|
||||
| When the tech is a patient, should the badge be worn? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 97% for 0.25 mm Pb; at 0.5 mm Pb, goes up to 99%
🗑
|
||||
| Whole body dose includes all except (head, gonads, trunk, below elbows and knees, above elbows and knees) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is remnant radiation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Biological effects from radiation follows a ____ model. (nonlinear nonthreshold, linear threshold, linear nonthreshold, nonlinear threshold) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rem
🗑
|
||||
| What is the lead curtain for? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decreased radiation dose. "For the same fluoroscopic screen brightness, patient dose can be reduced if the target to skin distance is increased" (pg 31 fluoro)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the best gonad shield for an upright KUB? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the minimum gonad shield required in California? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 0.25 mm Pb equiv (Fluoro 43)
🗑
|
||||
| show | protect operator
🗑
|
||||
| How are film badges read? (luminescence vs detection of ionizing radiation). | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | shielding (not distance). Shielding is based on exponential attenuation. Distance is based on inverse square law.
🗑
|
||||
| Which does not cause fog (light, ionizing radiation, spoiled developer, sliding film against film or the cassette) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What happens when humidity is too low (below ideal 40-60% range)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| When should you QC processor with sensitometer/densitometer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | only when the deadman's switch is depressed
🗑
|
||||
| show | last frame hold (decreased patient dose up to 95% reported by manufacturers), random navigation
🗑
|
||||
| show | large focal spot reduces resolution, but size is limited by heat build up. Low mA fluoro can utilize a smaller focal spot.
🗑
|
||||
| Lower-end limiting factor for x-ray dosing? (IOW, why not use a lower radiation dose?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does cineradiography dose compare to fluoro? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the lead shielding values (thickness) for gonad shield? gloves? aprons? Bucky cover? drapes? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | #dots on each scan line. Bandwidth, a.k.a. bandpass, refers to total # cycles/sec for TV display, equal to product of # scan lines, frame rate, and the frequency rate. Usually matched to vertical resolution, which is # horizontal scan lines. pg 27 fluoro
🗑
|
||||
| show | more beam throughput, can therefore reduce mA for lower skin entrance dose. Disadvantage: lower contrast resolution.
🗑
|
||||
| What is a characteristic curve or H&D curve? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Report within 24 hrs: WB dose equiv >5 rem in 24hr period (or eye 15 rem, or skin
🗑
|
||||
| all dose limits for occupational and public? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which are the most affected cells in bone marrow? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Know film badges, TLD's basics | show 🗑
|
||||
| Regarding the graphic on isoexposure curves? | show 🗑
|
||||
| results of chemical spills on films? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | static electricity
🗑
|
||||
| In what conditions are films best stored? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Focal spot has heel effect on primary beam. Anode side of beam has lower intensity d/t angled anode, shallower angle of xrays emanating from anode. Cathode side of beam is more intense. Use weaker heel (anode side) for thinner part of body.
🗑
|
||||
| how does film speed affect rate of exposure? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | only when there is a medical indication and a doctors order
🗑
|
||||
| show | 15 mR (use rule of 2s and 10s, ie, 20 mR for CXR, 200 mR for AXR or annual background, 2000 for CT or (per min) for fluoro, 20,000 per min for cine.
🗑
|
||||
| show | higher effective kV
🗑
|
||||
| show | 500 millirem throughout the pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | as low as reasonably achievable
🗑
|
||||
| The three basic principles used in protecting oneself from radiation exposure are ____. | show 🗑
|
||||
| The typical half-value-layer (HVL) of an x-ray tube operated at 80 kVp is closest to____ mm Al. (choices are 0.5? …2.5? …5.0? …10.0? …20.0?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | any radiation dose can have some adverse effect
🗑
|
||||
| A radiation worker is required to be monitored if ____. (…he/she operates mobile x-ray equipment? …he/she wants to be? …the annual radiation dose is likely to be greater than 10 millirem? …any radiation is present in the workplace?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| A 0.25 mm lead equivalent apron will reduce scattered x-rays by ____%. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | be protected by a whole body apron of at least 0.25 mm lead equivalence
🗑
|
||||
| Mechanical restraining or supporting devices should ____. (…never be used? …be tested daily according to state regulations? …should be used instead of a human holder whenever possible? …be outlawed?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| If x-rays are to be taken of a potentially pregnant patient, technologist should NOT __. (…ask patient of her prego status? …ask rad if procedure involves abdominal area? …shield pt's abd region with at least 0.25 mm lead before taking extremity film?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | of its ability to penetrate tissue
🗑
|
||||
| When operating mobile radiographic equipment, the x-ray equipment operator should stand ____. (…within touching distance of the patient? …adjacent to the x-ray device? …at least 6 feet from the patient? …behind the ICU nurse?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following is a measure of radiation dose in the human body? (…Curie? …Roentgen? …rem? …mR/hr?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 5000 millirem/yr (= 5 rem/yr)
🗑
|
||||
| show | 3000 millirads (same as 3 rads, which is similar to 3 rem (30 mSv) given the quality factor of 1 for xray photons)
🗑
|
||||
| Filtration must be at least ____ mm Al equiv. | show 🗑
|
||||
| How much lead equiv barrier is required around the II enclosure? (primary barrier) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Scatter at 1 foot from patient could be up to ____ mrad/hr. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 5 R/min
🗑
|
||||
| show | is NOT required on C-arm. Think IR procedures.
🗑
|
||||
| What happens at the input phosphor? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | converts photons into electrons, which are sped up by the accelerating anode and focused by electrostatic lenses
🗑
|
||||
| show | electrons converted to light photons, for direct view by eye (no longer allowable by law), by mirror, or video camera
🗑
|
||||
| Image magnification occurs how? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Higher f-number of lens means ____ . | show 🗑
|
||||
| Video tape disadvantages/advantages? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | low ratio
🗑
|
||||
| show | low-angle scattered or noninteracting “post-patient” photons, roughly 1-5% of incident primary beam xrays, forms the image.
🗑
|
||||
| Minimum xray source-to-skin distance must be ____ . | show 🗑
|
||||
| High frequency and 3-phase x-ray source advantages (over single phase)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tungsten target is anode or cathode? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aging of input and output phosphors can lead to up to ____% loss of brightness gain (flux gain * minification ) over the course of a year. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | conversion factor
🗑
|
||||
| F-number is measure of ___ . | show 🗑
|
||||
| (normal mode size)^2 / (mag mode size)^2 = ? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ratio of brightness of full exposure to blocked exposure (behind lead disk). Usually 15:1 for most modern IIs.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the value in lp/mm at an MTF of 1. (Modulation Transfer Function)
🗑
|
||||
| Is cesium iodide better than zinc cadmium sulfide? for what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the term for light scatter in the output window of the image intensifier and its effect on background signal and reduced image contrast? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | # horizontal lines across object or screen / (2*diameter of object or screen in mm)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ratio of vertical resolution to number of scan lines.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 0.7, or 70% vertical resolution, equal to 367/525 lines
🗑
|
||||
| types of camera systems? | show 🗑
|
||||
| video tape pros? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | relatively poor image quality c/t cine film, and fixed frame speed of 30 fr/min.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 10x higher dose than regular fluoro.
🗑
|
||||
| show | in range of 7.5, 15, 30, 90, 120, all divisions of 60. Faster framing used for pediatric coronary angio.
🗑
|
||||
| T/F: Radiation dose is directly proportional to framing frequency in cinefluorography | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lower f-number means what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | underframing
🗑
|
||||
| When diameter of circular fluoro image is same as smallest dimension of film frame, this is called ____ . | show 🗑
|
||||
| When diameter of circular fluoro image is larger than shortest dimension but not larger than diagonal measurement of film frame, this is call ____ . | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | total overframing ==> more wasted fluoro image and dose to patient (unless collimated down)
🗑
|
||||
| Manufacturers report up to ____% reduction in dose using video disc recording during fluoro (due to image-hold capability). | show 🗑
|
||||
| Advantages of digital photospot imaging are ____ . | show 🗑
|
||||
| Disadvantage of digital photospot imaging is ____ . | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pulsed fluoro has what effect on radiation dose? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 10 to 20 mA, up to 40 mA. Entrance dose is 2-10x higher than conventional fluoro, 10-50 rads/min at tabletop.
🗑
|
||||
| show | several hundred rads
🗑
|
||||
| show | 20 rads/min
🗑
|
||||
| show | special activation with additional person, audible signal during use, no more than 20 rads/min unless recording
🗑
|
||||
| show | unexposed border is visible when screen carriage is 14 inches above tabletop and collimators fully open. pg 38 fluoro
🗑
|
||||
| show | product of energy absorbed (rad) and mass of tissue (gm), in gram rads. 1 gm rad equals 100 ergs.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 2.5 mm Al or equivalent. "Since normal voltages for average adult vary 80-120 kV, this requirement may be assumed met if HVL is not less than 3.0 mm Al." pg 39 fluoro
🗑
|
||||
| Intensity of xray beam at tabletop shold not exceed _____ rads/min for each mA of current at 80 kVp. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no more than 5 min, produces audible signal, interrupts x-ray beam
🗑
|
||||
| With ABC, operator must monitor current and potential every __interval?__ with phantom, keep a log __for how long?__. Health/medical physicist must monitor __how often?__ (or __how often?__ without ABC), and after repairs. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cine exposure rates must be monitored by qualified person how often? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 10x greater visual acuity for daylight vision over low light vision
🗑
|
||||
| show | 12-15 inches
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1 mm Al equivalent
🗑
|
||||
| show | 97% (remember, this is against the primary beam, which is high kV (effective), unlike scatter which is lower in kV (effective). That's why it still only attenuates 97%, similar to fractional attenation of 0.25 mm apron against scatter.
🗑
|
||||
| Photospot film camera recording requires _____ percent less radiation per image than regular spot filming. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | at least annually
🗑
|
||||
| show | Children more sensitive because mitotic rate is higher, more cells in proliferative phase, more undifferentiated cells.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) are affected most severely by radiation.
🗑
|
||||
| Which have high marrow dose?: CXR, BE, UGI, abdominal angio. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Spermatogonia (sperm precurors) are ________ radiosensitive. Mature spermatozoa are _______, so fertility ___is or is not___ impaired until several weeks later. Full fertility _____. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Oocytes in ovaries are __radiosensitive or radioresistant?__. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rem/hr or mrem/hr; indefinitely. Most other records must be kept for 3 yrs.
🗑
|
||||
| Possibilities of radiation exposure to cell include (4): | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chromosomal breaks, chromatin clumping, giant cell format'n, abnormal mitoses, incr cytoplasm granularity, nuclear disintegration, changes in motility or cytoplasmic activity, vacuolization, altered protoplasmic viscosity, changes in membrane permeability
🗑
|
||||
| Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau | show 🗑
|
||||
| Most sensitive cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiation induced cataracts can or cannot be differentiated from other types of cataracts? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | #1: female breast cancer. then thyroid (esp women and young kids), then leukemias/hemopoietic cancers, then lungs, GI, with bones at the bottom of the list. Pg 65 fluoro
🗑
|
||||
| Check ABC current and potential (mAs and kVp) how often? Keep log for how long? | show 🗑
|
||||
| TLD vs film badge? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Film badge or TLD must be used. Others (pocket ionization chamber or audible warning device) may be used in addition.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Film badge or TLD must be worn outside (on top of or above) the lead apron.
🗑
|
||||
| show | arms distal to elbow, legs distal to knee
🗑
|
||||
| Maximum permissible dose equivalent (MPD) for occupational, per year? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | over annual the dose limit within a 24 hour period.
🗑
|
||||
| show | more than 10x the annual dose limit within a 24 hour period (a big, big deal)
🗑
|
||||
| Minors working in radiation area (such as a 16 yr old with parental permission and a summer job in a lab) have a different annual occupational dose limit. What is it? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hourly dose limit for general population (i.e., nonmonitored, assumed nonradiation area)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| “Radiation area” dose equivalent limit? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Remember 0.1 rem/hr. "High radiation” has 20x higher exposure rate than “radiation” area, i.e., at 1 ft (30 cm), dose above 0.1 rem/hr, or 100 mrem/hr, or 1 mSv/hr, or .001 Sv/hr.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 0.25 mm lead. What needs to be higher? Gonads and gloves.
🗑
|
||||
| Gonad shields and gloves (exposed or potentially exposed to primary beam) must be what thickness of lead (or equivalent)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| 1 rem is how man mSv? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CA does not set a min or max. Once per month is advised. Some do quarterly (such as?)
🗑
|
||||
| show | None. All overexposures must be reported, and are assumed to be result of poor working practices of supervisor and operator (bad).
🗑
|
||||
| Who must be monitored regardless of likely exposure? | show 🗑
|
||||
| 100 rems is how many Sv? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rems/hr. What is “absorbed dose rate,” then? rad/hr
🗑
|
||||
| show | 0.5 rem (5 mSv), beginning at time of WRITTEN declaration of pregnancy status, and for the entire course of pregnancy. No more than 1/10 of that in any one month (i.e., no more than 0.05 rem/month or 0.5 mSv/month)
🗑
|
||||
| show | same as max dose for minor, and same as entire pregnancy dose for pregnant woman. Once declared, EMBRYO/FETAL dose cannot exceed 0.05 mrem (1/10th undeclared limit) for remainder of pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| Best gonad shield for fluoro? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Fluoro without AEC shall not exceed 5 rads/min except with "boost" activation. With AEC: may not exceed 10 rads/min except with boost. See pg 40. Pg 94 is confusing, but I think it means WITH AEC, up to 10. WITHOUT AEC, just 5.
🗑
|
||||
| show | never for standard fluoroscopy. Boost can go up to 20 rads/min (manual activation, audible signal) if not recorded, even higher if recorded.
🗑
|
||||
| When can radiation dose rate from primary beam exceed 5 rads/min? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 100 mrad/hr at 1 meter (for diagnostic housing)
🗑
|
||||
| Phantom for measuring exposure rate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Protective lead aprons when? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Penetrometer is what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 135 degrees, higher than 120 degrees, all of which are much higher than 90, 60, 45, and 30 degrees. Exposure rate increases then as the primary beam is approached (not scatter anymore).
🗑
|
||||
| show | 45 degrees (then 60, then 90). However, at 30 degrees, intensity goes up and sharply rises as you approach zero degrees (in line with primary beam, not scatter).
🗑
|
||||
| Dose to operator at 1 foot from patient is as high as ____ without protective curtains and Bucky slot cover. | show 🗑
|
||||
| R is abbreviation for what unit? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | contact state in 24 hours, prompt written confirmation, pg 68.
🗑
|
||||
| Most common reason for retake | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | it can pass through cells, kill cell, damage the cell but cell can be repaired, cause permanent damage, pg 45.
🗑
|
||||
| show | wear apron vs stand behind primary barrier
🗑
|
||||
| show | to allow differentiation of exposure to energy radiations, pg 56.
🗑
|
||||
| What to do if employee has badge showing 150 mrem exposure for a month? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What to do if employee has badge showing 500 mrem exposure for a month? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | attenuation, pg 115.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 0.25. pg 131.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1 Gy equals 100 rads
🗑
|
||||
| For standard imaging procedures, beyond ______ feet, the amount of scattered radiation is roughly at background levels. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Since the quality factor QF for x-rays (photons) is 1, therefore the rad and rem are _____. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | No.
🗑
|
||||
| Is the size of the cells in tissue exposed known to be an influence of the biological effects of radiation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The patient skin exposure decreases.
🗑
|
||||
| The greatest contribution of unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient stems from the x-ray operator's failure to do what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The patient
🗑
|
||||
| show | No
🗑
|
||||
| Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) measures what aspect of image quality? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | No
🗑
|
||||
| show | Greater voltage is applied to electrostatic lenses, causing crossover to occur closer to the input phosphor/photocathode, leading to mag at the output phosphor.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The patient's body.
🗑
|
||||
| What kind of barrier, if any, must be in all walls, floors and cielings exposed to the useful (primary) beam? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | They are practical means of providing long term exposure records & they can measure the dose to the worker with reasonable accuracy.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Moving II away from patient will increase patient dose.
🗑
|
||||
| show | collimation & dead-man switch.
🗑
|
||||
| If the exposure area is doubled by opening the collimator, what will happen in regards dose amount to patient & exposure to the operator? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following is not considered a safety feature of a fluoroscope? grid ratio of 16:1, dead-man switch, bucky slot cover, cumulative timer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| If the collimating cone/diaphragm of mobile fluroscope unit is removed while the unit is in operation, which of the following will occur..... An audible signal, red light glowing on control panel, production of x-rays prevented by interlock, nothing? | show 🗑
|
||||
| If I am fluoroing a patient using 80 kVp, what should the intensity of the x-ray beam at the tabletop not exceed how many rad/minute for each mA of current? (...0.2, 1.0, 2.2, 5.0?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| The central portion of the output phosphor of the image intensifier possesses the greatest ____. (distortion, aberration, magnification, resolution?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| When using fluoroscopy, which of the following is directly proportional to the exposure delivered to the patient? (...kVp, mA, filter thickness, target to panel/tabletop distance?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | May not exceed 5 rads/minute. (regular mode, no AEC, no boost)
🗑
|
||||
| Is an automatic brightness control circuit required on a mobile fluoroscopic unit? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Yes
🗑
|
||||
| show | Yes
🗑
|
||||
| show | 5.0 Roentgens
🗑
|
||||
| show | rem
🗑
|
||||
| show | indefinitely
🗑
|
||||
| show | Ratio of how many light photons are produced by each electron at the output phosphor, to the photons liberated by the x-rays interacting at the input phosphor.
🗑
|
||||
| Does light in the fluorscopy room influence the tabletop exposure rate? Does filtration? Does kVp? Does target to panel distance? | show 🗑
|
||||
| A protective curtain should be interposed between the operator & the patient because scattered radiation exposure at 1 foot from the patient can be as high as how many mrad/hour? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A dead-man switch. Yes.
🗑
|
||||
| How many mm lead equivalent is required for protective aprons used during fluoroscopy according to California Radiation Control Regulations? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following would cause greatest skin dose to the patient? (...short SID, long SID, Small Focal Spot, Highest practical kVp?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the normal viewing distance for an image? | show 🗑
|
||||
| If the x-ray tube is moved rapidly during a fluroscopic exam, the image will blur. Which of the following is this a result of.... too low kVp, too low mA, camera tube lag, quantum mottle? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of an Automatic Brightness Control Mechanism of an image intensified fluoroscope? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the equation (normal mode size) squared/(magnification mode size)squared represent? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Above the apron at the collar level
🗑
|
||||
| If 1 rad = 100 ergs/gram, what is the dose if 3 grams of tissue absorbs 300 ergs of x-ray? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Yes
🗑
|
||||
| Is continuous manual activation required for boost mode fluroscopy? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Is the tube current and potential increased above normal limits in boost mode? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following film sizes utilized by the spot filming camera result in the greatest dose to the patient..... 35mm, 70mm, 90 mm, 105mm? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the technique called that's used to prevent the flicker effect during the viewing of the TV image? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following methods of gonadal shielding is best for use during fluoroscopy..... shaped contact shielding, shadow shielding, flat contact shielding? | show 🗑
|
||||
| The source to skin distance for image intensification should not be less than how many inches of the following...... 5", 15", 18", 40"? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a typical setting for mA of the following for spot filming..... 2, 5, 10, 150? | show 🗑
|
||||
| California State Fluroscopy Syllabus requires that kVp (tube potential) and mA (current)be monitored how often? | show 🗑
|
||||
| For mobile C-arm fluoroscopic equipment, inherent provisions must ensure a minimum source source to skin distance of how many inches? | show 🗑
|
||||
| The California Radiation Control regulations require that the minimum lead equivalence of gonadal shielding must be what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Vignetting? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the maximum exposure a pregnant occupational worker may receive during a 9 month gestational period? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | line pairs/mm
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following characteristic describe contrast media.... Solid form, high atomic number, low atomic number, low toxicity? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following are disadvantages of using a flat piece of lead for gonadal shielding..... Cannot be used for erect views, difficult to keep in place, is not very useful for fluoroscopy? | show 🗑
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| What is the purpose of synchronization in CINE? | show 🗑
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| The recognition of integration time of the human eye is the time it takes for recognition of an image. How long is this time? | show 🗑
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| During fluoroscopy, which of the following is an acceptable position for the technologist to stand? (...In the room next to the patient? in the room next to the radiologist? in the room as far from the patient as practical? holding the patient?) | show 🗑
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| show | Flux Gain & Minification gain are factors that result in a brighter image being produced at the output phosphor.
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| Which of the follwing is the best description of a virtual image? (image created by actual intersection of light rays, image on cine film, image seen on the monitor, image that cannot be seen an exists only for computational purposes?) | show 🗑
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| show | No
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| show | A closed circuit TV system has all its signals carried through cables.
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| The rods of the eye are principally used for what type of vision? | show 🗑
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| show | When the electrons are moved at high speed from the photocathode to the output phosphor.
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| show | A technologist will receive most of their occupational exposure from SCATTERED radiation.
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| show | May not be less that 2.5 mm Al equivalent.
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| The intensity of the x-ray beam at the tabletop during fluroscopy should not exceed how many Roentgen's/minute for each mA of operating tube current at 80 kVp? | show 🗑
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| show | 5 mA
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| show | 5 minutes
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| show | 10 rad/minute. pg 40, bottom paragraph
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| show | 5 rad/minute. pg 41, top paragraph
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| Which of the following will terminate fluroscopy after a preset period of time? (...phototimer, cumulative timer, cumulative dose timer, fluorescent timer?) | show 🗑
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| Genetic dose refers to what? | show 🗑
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| show | Linear Non-Threshold
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| Radiosensitivity of tissues depends on which of the following..... degree of mitotic activity, number of undifferentiated cells, length of time cells of tissue are in active proliferation, size of cells? | show 🗑
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| How many rads of acute x-radiation in diagnostic energy range to the eyes will result in the formation of cataracts? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is a disadvantage of a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)? (...Recharging is necessary, range of measurement is limited, not reusable, no permanent record is provided?) | show 🗑
|
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| X-ray photons during fluoro are primarily absorbed by which of the following? (...primary barrier, the patient, air, image intensifier?) | show 🗑
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| show | 12 inches
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| show | a certified RT and a physician
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|
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| When misdirected light photons reach the output phosphor, image density increases or decreases & image contrast increases or decreases? | show 🗑
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| show | It takes a certain amount of time for the image to build up and decay on the vidicon target.
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|
||||
| What is the minimum lead equivalent that the opening for the bucky tray must be covered by? | show 🗑
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||||
| show | Shall
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||||
| show | Should
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| show | 3 phase generators
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||||
| A high radiation area is any area accessible by individuals in which there exists any radiation an individual could receive in any 1 hour a dose to the whole body in excess of how many rem? | show 🗑
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||||
| A radiation area is any area accessible to personnel in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any 1 hour a dose in excess of how many rem? | show 🗑
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| show | An area in which radiation safety rules are enforced.
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||||
| show | "Each RT who is hired by the hospital" is not required by the California Radiation Control Regulations record keeping.
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|
||||
| show | Absorbed dose
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|
||||
| show | high kVp, low mAs
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|
||||
| show | radiation equivalent man, absorbed dose equivalent
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|
||||
| show | The Gray
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|
||||
| show | The Seivert
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|
||||
| When electrons strike the target of an x-ray tube most of the energy is converted to what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| The HVL is what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Vignetting? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the approximate exposure in rads a patient would receive during 5 minutes of fluoroscopy? | show 🗑
|
||||
| A protective drape, or sliding panel of a minimum thickness of what lead equivalent should be positioned between fluoroscopist and patient to absorb scattered radiation? | show 🗑
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||||
| Should film badges be worn under the lead apron at gonadal level? | show 🗑
|
||||
| If an occupational worker receives an exposure of 5 rems to the skin of the whole body must the State of California be notified? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following types of cells is most sensitive to the effects of radiation? (...Muscle, brain, red bone marrow, skin?) | show 🗑
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||||
| show | Leukemia
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|
||||
| show | To perceive fine detail
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|
||||
| show | Quantum mottle
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|
||||
| show | Image contrast
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|
||||
| Automatic Brightness/Exposure Stabilization/Control is designed to compensate for changes in what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1-5 mA
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|
||||
| show | 0.97 (or 97%)
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|
||||
| Which of the following is the best protective eyewear for the operator to utilize during fluoroscopy? (...polaroid glasses, lead glass contact lenses, eyeglasses, lead glass protective goggles and glasses?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the highest source of unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following are true about fluoroscopic imaging? (...increasing kVp increases contrast, increasing mA reduces patient dose, reducing kVp increases patient dose, reducing mA increases contrast?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bone marrow
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|
||||
| Stray radiation coming from the x-ray tube housing is called what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Geiger counter
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|
||||
| show | Lithium Fluoride
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|
||||
| The input phosphor of the modern image intensifier is made of which of the following? (...Zinc Cadmium Sulfide, Sodium Iodide, Cesium Iodide, Calcium Tungstate?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 basic principles which may be used singly, or in combination, to reduce exposure to x-rays? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1/4
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|
||||
| show | 100 mrad
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|
||||
| For both fluoroscopic and radiographic mobile equipment, provisions must be made so that equipment may not be operated at less than what source to skin distance? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 4 line pair/mm
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|
||||
| show | Zinc Cadmium Sulfide
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|
||||
| To keep the light output of the II constant, ABS compromises between which of the following? (...patient dose & image quality, contrast & resolution, vignetting & pincushion distortion, mag mode & non mag mode?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | electrostatic lenses
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|
||||
| The overall ability of an II to increase image illumination is called what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| The ratio between a TV monitor's vertical resolution & total number of scan lines is called what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the number of horizontal lines on a standard fluoro TV monitor? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The number of x-ray photons absorbed by the system
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|
||||
| show | VHS recording system has the poorest resolution
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|
||||
| High film badge readings are presumed to be caused by which of the following? (...Improper storage of film badge, Inaccurate processing when film is read by badge company, Heat exposure, Poor radiation practices by worker?) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Organ dose weighting factors? | show 🗑
|
||||
| National Council on Radiat'n Protection and Measurements (NCRP) in report Medical Exposure of Pregnant and Potentially Pregnant Women states risk to embryo/fetus is considered negligible at ____ rad or less when compared to the other risks of pregnancy. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rule of 2s and tens? (orders of magnitude for background vs different procedural radiation doses -- this is not in the syllabus but may be a useful tool) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which radiography QC are daily? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which radiography QC are monthly? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which radiography QC are quarterly? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which radiography QC are semiannual? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | everything else (and anything involving a physicist)
🗑
|
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