Pathophysiology
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| What would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease? | an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
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| The best definition of the term prognosis is the _______ | predicted outcome of likelihood of recovery from a specific disease
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| What is considered a systemic sign of disease? | fever
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| Etiology is defined as the study of the what? | cause of a disease
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| Hypertrophy of the heart would be related to what? | increase in the size of the individual cells
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| A tissue in which the cells vary in size and shap;e and show increased mitotic figures would be called what? | dysplasia
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| When a group of cells in the body dies, the cange is called ______. | necrosis
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| Lack of exercise during an illness may cause skeletal muscle to undergo ____. | atrophy
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| The inflammatory process is caused by _____. | any tissue injury
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| Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include | histamine and prostaglandins
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| Which of the following result directly from the release fo chemical mediators following a moderate burn injury | Pain, Increased capillary permeability
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| Which of the following is an attempt to localize and c ontain the foreign material during an inflammatory response | Fibrinogen
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| Edema or tissue swelling associated with inflammation results directly form | Increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment
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| The process of phagocytosis involves the | ingestion of foreign material of cell debris by leukocytes
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| Sytemic effects of sever inflammation include | fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever
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| Replacement of damaged tissue by similiar cells is termed | regeneration
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| Scar tissue consists primarily of | Collagen fibers
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| patients taking glucocorticoids for long periods of time are likely to develop all of the following except _____ | Releif of fever
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| A burn area in which the e[idermis and part of the dermis is destroyed is classified as | deep partial-thickness
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| A woman has burns on the anterior sufrace fo the right arm, chest, and right let, The percentage of body surface area burned is approximately | 22.5%
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| a large burn area predisposes to decreased blood pressure because | fluid and protein shift out of the vascular compartment
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| Neutrophils are | primarily phagocytic cells
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| Which cells are required to process and present antigens form foreign material as the intial step inthe immune response | Macrphages
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| Humoral immunity is mediated by ______ | B lymphocityes
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| When an allergen binds with IgE antibodies on mast cells, resulting in release of chemical mediators, this reaction is called | Typ I hypersensitvity
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| The role of memory cells is | to support the immune response by recognizing certain antigens
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| Which statement applies to contact dermatitis | a type IV reaction occures ina reas of direct contact with the causative substance
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| An autoimmune disease means | Failure of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself
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| Systemic lupus erythemoatosus is caused by | immune complex depostis of antinuclear antibodies
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| Bacteria that form a cluster of spheres are called | staphylococci
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| An anaerobe thribes and reprodeuces best in | the absence of oxygen
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| The structure of a virus includes | a PROTEIN COAT AND RNA rna
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| Which of the folloowing is a charaterisitc of rickettsia | Very small gram negative intercellular microbe
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| The nosocomial infection means | Infection acquired in a hospital of medical facitlity
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| The incubation period refers to the time peeriod between | entry of the pathogen into the body and the first signs of infecious disease
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| A vaccine contains | Attenuated (weakened) or dead pathogenes or their toxins
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| Culture and sensitivity tests are used to | identify the cuasative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agen for it
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| The process of carciogensis usually begins witgh | an irreversibel change in cell DNA
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| The most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy include | throbocytopenia and leukopenia
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| The spread of malignant cells through blood and lympyh to distant sites is termed | metastasis
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| Which of the following cells in the gastric muscosa produce intrinsic factor and hydrocholoric acid | Parietal cells
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| Which of the floowing is the primary site for absorption of nutrients | ileum
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| which of the following iscontained in pancreatic exocrine secretions | bicarbonate ion
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| Which of the following processes is likely to occure in the body immediately after ameal | glycogenesis
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| Achalasia is best define as | lack of a nerve plexus to relax the lower esphageal sphincter
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| Oral candidiasis is considred to | be an opprtunistic fungal infection of the mouth
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| Congential pyloric stenosis involves | hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth muscle in the pylorus
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| commons signs of acute gastritis include | epigastic tenderness and vomiting
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| The pathophysiology of chronic gastritis includes | atrophy of the gastic mucosa with decreased secretions
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| Prolonged or sever stress may predispose to peptic ulcer because | of reduced blood flow to the gastic wall and mucous glands
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| The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer diesease may involve any of the following except | increased stimulation of mucus-producing glands
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| Predisposng factors to choleithiasis include increased | billirubin or cholesterol concentratiuon in the bile
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| Which of the following applies to hepatitis a IONFECTION | IT IS TRANSMITTED BYH TH E ORAL-FECAL ROUT
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| The most common type of hepatitis transmitte by blood transfusion is | HCV
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| Elevated serum levels AST and ALT during the preicteric stage of hepatitis result form | necrosis of liver cells
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| Acute pancreatis causes massive inflammation and necrosis because of | activation and spread of preteolytic enzyems
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| Esphageal varices are caused primariloy by | Portal hypertension
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| Steatorrhea is best described as | bulky, fatty turd
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| The typical changes occuring with Crohn's disease include | infalmed area of the wall of the ileum alternatingf with thick fibrotic normal areas
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| An open or compound fracture occures when | the skin and soft tissue is exposed at the fracture site
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| A Colles' fracture results when | the distal radius is broken
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| New bone is produced by | osteoblasts
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| AWhich of the following is correct about Duchenne's musculat dystrophy | Difficly clinging stair of standin up at 2-3 years of age
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| All of the following predispose to osteoproris except | estrogen replacement therapy
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| Rheumatoid arthritis is considered to be a/an | systemic inflammatory disorder due to an autoimmue reaction
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| An attack of gout is precipitated by | a sudden increase in serum uric acid levels
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| In ankylosing spondylitis, progressive inlammation begins at the | sacroiliac joints and progresses up the spine
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| A myelomenigocele is described as | herniation of the meinigers, DFS, and spinal cord or nerves through the vertebral defect
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| Generalzied seizures are charaterized by | the uncontrolled discharge of neurons in both hemishperes
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| The clonic stage of a seizure consists of | Alternating contractions and relaxation of skeletal muscles
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| Which statement does not apply to the patho of multiple sclerosis | Progressive random degeneration of peripheral nerves
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| The patho changes in parkinson disease are best described as | Degeneration of the basal nuclei with a defiecit of dopamine
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| common early manifestations of parkinson disease include | tremors at rest in the hands and difficulty initiating voluntary movements
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| With amyotrophic lateral sclerosis there is a progressive degeneration of | upper and lower motor neurons
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| which of the following statements does not apply to myashenia gravis | dementia develops in the later stage
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| huntingtons disease | presents with choriform movements in the upper body and decreased ability to concentrate
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| with alzheimers disease characteristic changs in the brain include | cortical atrophy with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, impairing conduction
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| the function of baroreceptors is to | notify the cardiovascular control center of changes in systemic blood pressure
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| the term preload refers to the | volume of vennous return
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| predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation include | damaged blood vessel walls, immobility, prosthetic valves
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| the basic patho of myocardial infarction is best described as | total obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial necrosis
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| a reduced number of erythrocytes in the blood would result in | decreased hematocrit
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| a deficit of all types of blood cells is referred to as | pancytopenia
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| vitamin k is required by the liver to synthesize | prothrombin
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| individuals with type o blood are considered to be universal donors because their blood | lacks a and b antigens
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| compensation mechanisms for individuals with anemia include | tachycardia
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| pernicious anemia is treated with injections fo vitamin b12 because | the ingested vitamin could not be absorbed into the blood
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| the basic abnormality in thalassemia us | failure to synthesize either the alpha or beta chains in the hemoglobn molecule
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| which anemia is considered to result from a malabsorption problem | penicious anemia
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| common early signs of aplastic anemia include | excessive bleeding and recurrent infections
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| in pernicious anemia antibodies form to | intrinsic factor or parietal cells
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| in cases of polycythemia vera blood pressure is elevated primarily because of | increased numbers of circulating blood cells
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| petechiae and purpura are common signs of | increased bleeding tendencies
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| which statement applies to the disorder hemophilia A | hematomas and hemarthrosis are common
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| which of the following occur when disseminated intravascular coagulation develps | multiple thrombi and deficit of clotting factors
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| substances classified as anitcoagulants include | heparin, streptokinase
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| which of the following is typical of hodgkins disease | initial tumor is single , painless, enlarged lymph node , often cervical
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| nonhodgkins lynphoma differs form hodgkins usually presents as | multiple, scattered, enlarged and painless lymph nodes
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| multiple myeloma is a malignant tumor involving | plasma cells
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| multiple opportunisic infections develop with acute leukemia primarily becauseof | many nonfynctional immature leukocytes
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| excessive bleeding is common with acute leukemia because of | decreased platelets
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| the maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inspiration is called the | vital capacity
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| normally the central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to | elevated carbon dioxide levels
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| the term hemoptysis | bright red streaks, of blood in frothy sputum
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| typical s/s of epiglottis includes | sudden fever, sore throat , and drooling saliva
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| severe hypoxia develops with pneumonia because | oxygen diffusion is impaired by the congestion
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| legionnaires disease is caused by | a gram negative bacterium
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| select the statement related to tuberculosis | the microbe is an acid fast bacillus resisitant to many disenfectants
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| the basis patho of cysic fibrosis is considered to be | an abnormality of the exocrine glands
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| histoplasmosis is caused by a | fungus
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| during as acute asthma attack respiratory obstruciton occurs due to | edema of the mucosa, increased secretions of thick, tenacious mucus
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| destruction of alveolar walls and septa is typical of | emphysema
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| chronic bronchitis is cause by | chronic irritation, inflammation, and infection of the larger airways
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| the common source of pulmnary embolus is | thrombus formation if the femoral veins
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| flail chest occurs when | several ribs are fractured at two sites
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| psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder resulting from | incresased mitois and shedding of epithelium
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| which of the following statements regarding acute necrotizing fascitis is true | infection rapidly causes extensive tissue necrosis and toxic shock
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| the itching associated with scabies results from | the mites burrowing into the epidermis
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| which of the following skin lesions are usually caused by staphylococcus aureus | furuncles, cellulitis, and impetigo
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| the charecterisitcs lesions of herpes zoster includes | painful vesicles along a dermatome or cranial nerve pathway
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| infant repiratory destress syndrome results from | insufficient surfactant production
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| thank you theresa | love ya bunches,
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| i printed these all out and they are great | (blank)
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