microbiology test 2 chapter 4
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show | binary fission
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show | no organelles, asexual, one cell divides into two daughter cells
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What is the time it takes for a population to double in number called? | show 🗑
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show | great for experiments and to produce medications such as insulin for diabetics
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show | food borne pathogens
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show | lag phase, exponential or log phase, stationary phase, death phase, and phase of prolonged decline
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At what phase of growth are microbes most sensitive to antibiotics? | show 🗑
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show | the cells are introduced to the environment, the number of cells does not increase, the cells begin synthesizing enzymes required for growth (the cells are in a vegetative state because they are not metabolically inert)
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show | cells divide at a constant rate and this is when the generation time is measured
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show | the end of the log/exponential phase
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show | nutrient levels are too low to sustain growth and the total number of cells remains constant. A few cells are reproducing as the same number are dyeing
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show | total number of viable cells decrease (die) at a constant rate (exponentially but slower)
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show | some fraction may survive. They adapt to tolerate the worsened conditions
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show | inhabit nearly all environments
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show | temperature, pH, water availability, atmosphere (levels of oxygen)
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Optimum growth usually occurs at what temp: | show 🗑
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Psychrophile: | show 🗑
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Psychrotroph: | show 🗑
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show | 25o to 45o C (body temp range-pathogens)
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show | 45o to 70o C (hot)
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Will refrigeration kill microbes? | show 🗑
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show | typically near neutral
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Neutrophiles: | show 🗑
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Acidophiles: | show 🗑
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show | grow optimally at a pH above 8.5
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show | it produces urease to split urea into CO2 and ammonia which neutralized the area around it so it can survive the stomach acid
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show | it interferes with normal metabolic processes
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show | make water unavailable to the cell, causing cells to slow their growth or die
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show | halotolerant
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Microbes that require high levels of sodium chloride: | show 🗑
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When organisms us oxygen in aerobic respiration, what harmful derivatives are formed as by-products? | show 🗑
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show | an enzyme produced to inactivate superoxide by converting it to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
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show | an enzyme produced to convert hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.
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show | need oxygen for growth, produces superoxide dismutase and catalase
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Obligate anaerobes: | show 🗑
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Facultative anaerobes: | show 🗑
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show | require small amounts of oxygen for growth, produces some superoxide dismutase and catalase
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show | don’t use oxygen to grow but being in presence of oxygen isn’t going to kill or hinder them, produces superoxide dismutase but not catalase
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show | optimal
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During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells? | show 🗑
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The optimum temperature of a psychrophile would be higher, lower, or the same as a thermophile? | show 🗑
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show | thermophiles
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show | lag
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A _________curve is a graphical representation of the change in population size over time. | show 🗑
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show | catalase
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show | alkaliphile
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Why are species of Staphylococcus halotolerant? | show 🗑
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show | plasmolysis
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True or false:In a growth curve, cell numbers increase exponentially during the log phase and decrease exponentially during the death phase | show 🗑
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show | acidophile
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What name is given to microbes that prefer environments near or at a pH of 7? | show 🗑
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What phase describes the initial phase after bacterial cells are placed into a new environment and are gearing up for cell division, but their numbers have not yet increased? | show 🗑
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With regard to their temperature requirements, medically important microorganisms are typically __________ because they have evolved to thrive in or on the human body.: | show 🗑
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show | halophile
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show | microaerophile
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Removal of all microbes: | show 🗑
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Reduction of the number of microorganisms: | show 🗑
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Something used on inanimate objects to reduce the number of microorganisms: | show 🗑
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Something used on living tissue to reduce microorganisms: | show 🗑
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show | pasteurization
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Process of delaying spoilage of foods and other perishable products: | show 🗑
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show | because of the danger of healthcare associated infections
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show | invasive procedures, compromised immune systems, more infectious diseases found there
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Destruction of Endospores: | show 🗑
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Destruction of Protozoan cysts: | show 🗑
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Destruction of Mycobacterium species: | show 🗑
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show | leaves green sheen over burn wounds, can actually grow in some disinfectants and is resistant to others
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show | doesn’t have a lipid envelope which makes it more resistant to disinfectants
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The time it takes for heat or chemicals to kill a microbial population is dictated in part by: | show 🗑
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show | removing organisms by washing or scrubbing
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Why is heat treatment one of the most useful methods of microbial control? | show 🗑
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How does moist heat destroy microbes? | show 🗑
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Examples of moist heat: | show 🗑
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Boiling: | show 🗑
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Pasteurization: | show 🗑
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Autoclave: | show 🗑
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show | 121oC & 15 psi in 15 minutes
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What are the signs and symptoms of botulism and how long does it take to begin? | show 🗑
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What is the causative agent of botulism? | show 🗑
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Pathogenesis of botulism: | show 🗑
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show | IV anti-toxin, only neutralizes toxin in blood. Affected nerves slowly recover. Can take weeks or months and respiratory support is needed. Prevention: proper canning
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show | Incineration
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What type of radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, thereby destroying DNA and damaging cytoplasmic membranes? | show 🗑
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show | all viable microorganisms and viruses
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show | Pasteurization
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show | aseptic technique
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A concentrated culture will take __________ time to kill than a dilute culture of the same organism. | show 🗑
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When using chemical disinfectants, it is important to realize that temperature and _________ influence microbial death rates significantly. | show 🗑
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What is a chamber that allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials? | show 🗑
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What destroys microbes by subjecting them to extremes of dry heat, reducing them to ashes? | show 🗑
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These infectious proteins are very difficult to destroy: | show 🗑
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show | Ultraviolet
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Which microbial agent is the most resistant to chemical control methods? | show 🗑
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Paper-thin membrane filters called _____________contain pore sizes so small they will trap microbes from liquids as they pass through. | show 🗑
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show | removal
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Water treatment facilities work to ensure that these are not found in drinking water: | show 🗑
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show | their cell membranes and proteins
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When filtering fluids, ________ trap material within thick, porous filtration material such as cellulose fibers.: | show 🗑
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show | sterile
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show | antiseptics
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show | disinfection
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show | shorter
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Exposing proteins to high heat may cause protein: | show 🗑
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show | ionizing
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show | gamma rays and xrays
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show | ultraviolet radiation
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show | DNA, cytoplasmic membranes
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The sum of all the reactions happening in an organism is: | show 🗑
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show | synthesize new components for repair and reproduction and harvest energy for survival
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show | anabolism and catabolism
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show | catabolism
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Reactions involved in the synthesis of cell components is called: | show 🗑
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What is the energy currency of the cell? | show 🗑
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show | ADP
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Exergonic reactions: | show 🗑
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show | take energy to make
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show | a phosphate is removed, ATP becomes ADP, energy is released
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What is the role of enzymes in metabolism? | show 🗑
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show | lowering activation energy
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show | cofactors
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show | magnesium, zinc, copper, other trace elements
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What are FAD and NAD? | show 🗑
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show | temp, pH, salt concentration
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show | attach to an allosteric site on the enzyme which changes the shape of the active site so a substrate cannot bind
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How do competitive inhibitors work? | show 🗑
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How do sulfa drugs inhibit the growth of bacteria? | show 🗑
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Why do sulfa drugs not harm the human host? | show 🗑
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show | glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), electron transport chain
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show | glucose
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show | 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
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show | 2 pyruvate
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show | 2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH
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What is the beginning product of the TCA cycle? | show 🗑
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What is the ending product of the TCA cycle? | show 🗑
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show | electron carriers
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What is the ending product of ETC(electron transport chain)? | show 🗑
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show | O2 and ETC would stop without it.
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show | occurs within the cell membrane of bacteria
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show | cytoplasm of bacteria
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Where does TCA cycle happen? | show 🗑
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show | fermentation
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The TCA cycle completes the _______________of glucose | show 🗑
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show | organic cofactors
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When a cell processes glucose or other organic molecules through its central metabolic pathways, it does so to generate what three critical items? | show 🗑
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The process that links the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis is called: | show 🗑
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show | vitamins
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