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microbiology test 2 chapter 4

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
show binary fission  
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show no organelles, asexual, one cell divides into two daughter cells  
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What is the time it takes for a population to double in number called?   show
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show great for experiments and to produce medications such as insulin for diabetics  
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show food borne pathogens  
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show lag phase, exponential or log phase, stationary phase, death phase, and phase of prolonged decline  
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At what phase of growth are microbes most sensitive to antibiotics?   show
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show the cells are introduced to the environment, the number of cells does not increase, the cells begin synthesizing enzymes required for growth (the cells are in a vegetative state because they are not metabolically inert)  
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show cells divide at a constant rate and this is when the generation time is measured  
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show the end of the log/exponential phase  
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show nutrient levels are too low to sustain growth and the total number of cells remains constant. A few cells are reproducing as the same number are dyeing  
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show total number of viable cells decrease (die) at a constant rate (exponentially but slower)  
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show some fraction may survive. They adapt to tolerate the worsened conditions  
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show inhabit nearly all environments  
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show temperature, pH, water availability, atmosphere (levels of oxygen)  
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Optimum growth usually occurs at what temp:   show
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Psychrophile:   show
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Psychrotroph:   show
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show 25o to 45o C (body temp range-pathogens)  
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show 45o to 70o C (hot)  
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Will refrigeration kill microbes?   show
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show typically near neutral  
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Neutrophiles:   show
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Acidophiles:   show
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show grow optimally at a pH above 8.5  
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show it produces urease to split urea into CO2 and ammonia which neutralized the area around it so it can survive the stomach acid  
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show it interferes with normal metabolic processes  
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show make water unavailable to the cell, causing cells to slow their growth or die  
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show halotolerant  
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Microbes that require high levels of sodium chloride:   show
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When organisms us oxygen in aerobic respiration, what harmful derivatives are formed as by-products?   show
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show an enzyme produced to inactivate superoxide by converting it to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide  
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show an enzyme produced to convert hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.  
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show need oxygen for growth, produces superoxide dismutase and catalase  
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Obligate anaerobes:   show
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Facultative anaerobes:   show
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show require small amounts of oxygen for growth, produces some superoxide dismutase and catalase  
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show don’t use oxygen to grow but being in presence of oxygen isn’t going to kill or hinder them, produces superoxide dismutase but not catalase  
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show optimal  
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During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?   show
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The optimum temperature of a psychrophile would be higher, lower, or the same as a thermophile?   show
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show thermophiles  
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show lag  
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A _________curve is a graphical representation of the change in population size over time.   show
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show catalase  
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show alkaliphile  
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Why are species of Staphylococcus halotolerant?   show
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show plasmolysis  
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True or false:In a growth curve, cell numbers increase exponentially during the log phase and decrease exponentially during the death phase   show
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show acidophile  
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What name is given to microbes that prefer environments near or at a pH of 7?   show
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What phase describes the initial phase after bacterial cells are placed into a new environment and are gearing up for cell division, but their numbers have not yet increased?   show
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With regard to their temperature requirements, medically important microorganisms are typically __________ because they have evolved to thrive in or on the human body.:   show
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show halophile  
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show microaerophile  
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Removal of all microbes:   show
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Reduction of the number of microorganisms:   show
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Something used on inanimate objects to reduce the number of microorganisms:   show
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Something used on living tissue to reduce microorganisms:   show
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show pasteurization  
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Process of delaying spoilage of foods and other perishable products:   show
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show because of the danger of healthcare associated infections  
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show invasive procedures, compromised immune systems, more infectious diseases found there  
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Destruction of Endospores:   show
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Destruction of Protozoan cysts:   show
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Destruction of Mycobacterium species:   show
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show leaves green sheen over burn wounds, can actually grow in some disinfectants and is resistant to others  
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show doesn’t have a lipid envelope which makes it more resistant to disinfectants  
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The time it takes for heat or chemicals to kill a microbial population is dictated in part by:   show
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show removing organisms by washing or scrubbing  
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Why is heat treatment one of the most useful methods of microbial control?   show
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How does moist heat destroy microbes?   show
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Examples of moist heat:   show
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Boiling:   show
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Pasteurization:   show
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Autoclave:   show
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show 121oC & 15 psi in 15 minutes  
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What are the signs and symptoms of botulism and how long does it take to begin?   show
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What is the causative agent of botulism?   show
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Pathogenesis of botulism:   show
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show IV anti-toxin, only neutralizes toxin in blood. Affected nerves slowly recover. Can take weeks or months and respiratory support is needed. Prevention: proper canning  
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show Incineration  
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What type of radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, thereby destroying DNA and damaging cytoplasmic membranes?   show
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show all viable microorganisms and viruses  
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show Pasteurization  
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show aseptic technique  
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A concentrated culture will take __________ time to kill than a dilute culture of the same organism.   show
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When using chemical disinfectants, it is important to realize that temperature and _________ influence microbial death rates significantly.   show
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What is a chamber that allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials?   show
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What destroys microbes by subjecting them to extremes of dry heat, reducing them to ashes?   show
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These infectious proteins are very difficult to destroy:   show
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show Ultraviolet  
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Which microbial agent is the most resistant to chemical control methods?   show
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Paper-thin membrane filters called _____________contain pore sizes so small they will trap microbes from liquids as they pass through.   show
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show removal  
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Water treatment facilities work to ensure that these are not found in drinking water:   show
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show their cell membranes and proteins  
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When filtering fluids, ________ trap material within thick, porous filtration material such as cellulose fibers.:   show
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show sterile  
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show antiseptics  
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show disinfection  
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show shorter  
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Exposing proteins to high heat may cause protein:   show
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show ionizing  
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show gamma rays and xrays  
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show ultraviolet radiation  
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show DNA, cytoplasmic membranes  
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The sum of all the reactions happening in an organism is:   show
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show synthesize new components for repair and reproduction and harvest energy for survival  
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show anabolism and catabolism  
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show catabolism  
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Reactions involved in the synthesis of cell components is called:   show
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What is the energy currency of the cell?   show
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show ADP  
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Exergonic reactions:   show
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show take energy to make  
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show a phosphate is removed, ATP becomes ADP, energy is released  
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What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?   show
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show lowering activation energy  
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show cofactors  
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show magnesium, zinc, copper, other trace elements  
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What are FAD and NAD?   show
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show temp, pH, salt concentration  
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show attach to an allosteric site on the enzyme which changes the shape of the active site so a substrate cannot bind  
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How do competitive inhibitors work?   show
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How do sulfa drugs inhibit the growth of bacteria?   show
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Why do sulfa drugs not harm the human host?   show
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show glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), electron transport chain  
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show glucose  
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show 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP  
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show 2 pyruvate  
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show 2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH  
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What is the beginning product of the TCA cycle?   show
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What is the ending product of the TCA cycle?   show
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show electron carriers  
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What is the ending product of ETC(electron transport chain)?   show
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show O2 and ETC would stop without it.  
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show occurs within the cell membrane of bacteria  
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show cytoplasm of bacteria  
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Where does TCA cycle happen?   show
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show fermentation  
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The TCA cycle completes the _______________of glucose   show
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show organic cofactors  
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When a cell processes glucose or other organic molecules through its central metabolic pathways, it does so to generate what three critical items?   show
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The process that links the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis is called:   show
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show vitamins  
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