Digestive System: Ch 17
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| Name the four layers of the esophagus: | fibrous, muscular, submucosal and mucosal layers
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| The _____ originates at C6 and is anterior to the vertebral bodies posterior to the trachea and heart. | esophagus
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| The esophagus meets the stomach at the ___________. | esophagogastric junction
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| Describe the centering point for esophogram films: | T5-T6
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| What is the degree of obliquity for esophagram films? | 35-40 degrees
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| The Val Salva maneuver is employed when the radiologist would like to demonstrate what disease processes? | Hiatal Hernia and Esophageal vereces
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| What is the degree of obliquity for radiography of the stomach? | 40-70 degrees
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| What is the best position to demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in the average patient? | RAO
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| What position best demonstrates the duodenal bulb filled with air? | LPO
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| What body type requires a large degree of obliquity? | hypersthenic
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| What body type requires a small degree of obliquity? | asthenic
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| Where is the CR directed when radiographing the stomach AP? | between xiphoid and crest
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| Why is high KV necessary when radiographing the stomach? | to penetrate barium
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| Why is low amount of time used when radiographing the stomach? | to reduce movement caused by peristalsis
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| When centering for an AP stomach, the fundus will be filled with ____. | barium
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| When centering for a PA stomach, the fundus will be filled with ____. | air
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| When centering for a RAO of the stomach, the duodenal bulb will be filled with____. | barium
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| When centering for a LPO of the stomach, the duodenal bulb will be filled with ____. | air
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| What view of the stomach demonstrates the entire stomach and duodenal bulb and loop? | RAO
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| Why is the trendelenberg position used during an esophogram? | to demonstrate hiatal hernia and esophageal pereces
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| What is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the esophagus? | PA (RAO)
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| The patient prep for a morning stomach exam is? | NPO after midnight
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| Food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach exam? | 8 hours
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| THe expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called the? | cardiac antrum
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| What is the difference between an orifice and a sphincter? | orifice = small opening; sphincter= muscle surrounding orifice
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| _____ are the gastric folds of the stomach. | Rugae
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| Which projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation? | trendelenburg (AP)
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| Routinely used method for examining the stomach: | single contrast
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| THe muscles controlling the opening between the stomach and duodenum is the: | pyloric sphincter
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| For which body type is the stomach almost horizontal? | hypersthenic
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| For which body type is the stomach almost vertical? | asthenic
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| The _____ is the most superior part of the stomach. | fundus
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| What is pyloric stenosis? | Narrowing of the pyloric orifice
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| A life threatening condition when the esophagus ends in a blind pouch refers to: | esophageal atresia
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| What is it called when part of the stomach slips through the diaphragm into the thorax? | hiatal hernia
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| What is it called when a patient has difficulty swallowing? | dysphagia
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| What is the largest salivary gland? | parotid
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| What is peristalsis? | contractive waves
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| Dyspepsia is: | indigestion
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| The distal portion of the stomach is called the: | pylorus
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| Food enters the stomach thru the _____ and exits at the ____: | cardiac sphincter pyloric sphincter
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| The external layers of the digestive organs are composed of fibrous membranes called the: | serosa
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| The only major secretion of the esophagus is: | mucus
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| _____ connects the duodenum to the ileum. | jejunum
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| _____ connects the ascending colon to the descending colon | transverse colon
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| _____ connects the jejunum to the cecum | ileum
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| ____ connects the esophagus to the duodenum | stomach
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| ____ connects the pharynx to the stomach | esophagus
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| ____ connects the cystic and hepatic ducts to the duodenum | common bile duct
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| ____ connects the stomach to the jejunum | duodenum
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| ___ connects the rectum to the descending colon | sigmoid
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| The RPO colon demonstrates the ____ flexure. | left(splenic)
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| The LPO colon demonstrates the ___ flexure. | right (hepatic)
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| Where is the CR directed for a lateral film of the rectum? | MCP - ASIS
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| Technical factors for an air contrast colon are adjusted. What technical factor is changed? Adjustment? Why is the adjustment made? | kVp; decreased 15-20 degrees; easier to penetrate air
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| What drug is used prior to the start of an air contrast colon? Why? | glucogen - stops peristalsis
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| The chassard lapine' method is used to demonstrate what portion of the colon? | rectosigmoid, rectum and sigmoid
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| What is the required position, angle, direction of angle and central exit for a PA axial colon? | prone; 30-40 degrees, caudal; ASIS
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| The lateral view of the colon demonstrates what area of the colon? | sigmoid and rectum
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| What position is used for insertion of the enema tip? | Sims
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| The centering point for a PA colon is: | Iliac crest
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| What disease process does an air contrast colon demonstrate? | polyps
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| What filming adaptation is necessary on a hyperstenic patient? | 2-3 degrees higher
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| When radiographing a patient for an air contrast exam, if the pt is in the R lateral position, which side of the descending colon has barium? | medial
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| What bony landmarks are used to locate the gallbladder? | elbow and costal angle
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| Describe the location of the gallbladder in the sthenic, hyperstenic and asthenic patient: | sthenic: R side level of elbow; hyperstenic: R side high lateral; asthenic: R side low and close to spine
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| The dosage given to the patient or a gallbladder exam is determined by the patient _____. | weight
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| To demonstrate layering of gallstones, what positions can be used? | decubitus and upright
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| When the gallbladder is overlying the spine, what alternative view may be taken to demonstrate the gallbladder in its entirety? IN what type of body habitus does this occur? | LAO; asthenic
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| What color do calcium stones appear on xray? Cholesterol stones? | white; black
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| The liver is located in the ___ quadrant and has ___ lobes. | RUQ; 2
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| What organ lies in the duodenal loop? | pancreas
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| Bile is needed in the digestion of ? | fats
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| Hydrochloric acid and enzymes are produced in the: | gastric mucosa
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| The colon has sacculations known as: | haustra
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| What is the name of the main bile duct that leads from the liver? | hepatic bile duct
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| The two main hepatic ducts join to form the: | common hepatic duct
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| The proximal pouch like poriton of the colon is called: | cecum
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| What is the name of the duct that transports bile from the gallbladder? | cystic duct
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| What is the name of the flexure that lies between the transverse and descending colon? | left/splenic
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| The common hepatic duct and cystic duct join together to form the: | common bile duct
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| The pancreas produces: | insulin, glugagon and pancreatic juices
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| What are two functions of the spleen? | stores/removes dead RBC's and produces lymphocytes
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| THe outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is: | parietal
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| The inner portion of the sac that lines the abdominal organs is: | visceral
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| What is the name of the junction between the small and large intestine? | ileocecal valve
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| What is hirschsprungs disease? | absence of parasympathetic ganglia resulting in absence of peristalsis
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| The formation of bile associate with what abdominal structure? | liver
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| Alpha cells within the pancreas are responsible for the secretion of: | glucagon
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| The failure of the pancreas to produce insulin: | diabetes
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| The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join as they enter a chamber known as the: | hepatopancreatic ampulla
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| THe folds of peritoneum that support the abdominal organs are call the: | omenta and mesentary
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| What is the cavity posterior to the peritoneum? | retoperitoneum
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| The hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by a circular muscle known as the _______. | sphincter of oddi
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| The colon is ___ feet and the alimentary canal is ___ feet. | 5; 30
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| The ___ nerve is the most imporant nerve of the digestive tract. | vagus
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| The specific exam of the biliary duct is termed ______. | cholangiography
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| An ileus is a _____. | bowel obstruction
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| An obstruction of the bile ducts causes: | jaundice
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| The _____ connects the jejunum and ileum; The ____ connects the stomach to the other abdominal organs. | mesentary; omenta
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