Muscles
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| Skeletal Muscle Functions (4) | Movement, Posture, Heat production, Joint stability.
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| Movement | Locomotion: walking and running.
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| Posture | Constantly adjusting: sitting and standing.
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| Heat Production | Contraction produces heat, shivering.
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| Joint Stability | Muscle tone keeps joints stable.
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| Characteristics of Muscles (4) | Exitability, Contractibility, Extensibility, Elasticity.
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| Exitability | Ability to receive and respond to stimuli.
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| Contractibility | Ability to shorten forcibly as result of action potential.
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| Extensibility | Ability to stretch.
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| Elasticity | Ability to return to original shape after contraction.
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| Connective Tissues That Surround Muscle (3) | Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium.
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| Endomysium | Encloses a single muscle fibre.
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| Perimysium | Surrounds fascicle (Muscle cells bundled together).
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| Epimysium | Covers entire skeletal muscle.
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| Tendons | Mostly collagen fibres, Attach muscle to bone, Often cross joint due to toughness and small size.
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| Aponeuroses | Attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings.
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| Sarcolemma | Specialised plasma membrane.
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| Myofibrils | Long organelles inside muscle cell.
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| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | Specialised smooth endoplasmic reticulum - stores calcium and releases on demand.
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| Sarcomeres | Chains of contractile units.
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| I Band | Light band. Contains only actin filaments.
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| A Band | Dark band. Contains thick myosin filaments.
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| H Zone | Bare zone that lacks actin filaments.
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| How Muscles Contract: #1 | Nerves activate the release of calcium.
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| How Muscles Contract: #2 | Calcium changes the shape and position of the proteins blocking the binding sites allowing the myosin heads to grip the actin filament.
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| How Muscles Contract: #3 | Myosin heads "cocked" and pull the actin filaments toward the centre of sarcomere. ATP provides the energy needed to release and recock the myosin heads.
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| How Muscles Contract: #4 | The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted).
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| How Muscles Contract: #5 | Once all the extra calcium is absorbed, the proteins that were moved for the contraction return to their original spot and the muscle releases.
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| Rules of Contraction: #1 | Muscle fibre contraction is "all or nothing".
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| Rules of Contraction: #2 | Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibres may be stimulated during the same interval.
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| Rules of Contraction: #3 | Different combinations of muscle fibre contractions may give differing responses.
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| Twitch | Single, brief contraction.
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| Tetanus | One contraction immediately followed by another. The muscle does not completely return to a resting state.
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| Muscle Fatigue | When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract even with a stimulus.
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| Oxygen Deficit | Common cause for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt. Oxygen must be "repaid" to tissue to remove oxygen deficit. Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated lactic acid.
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| Muscle Tone | State of continuous partial contractions.
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| Isotonic Contractions | The muscle shortens and movement occurs.
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| Isometric Contractions | Tension in the muscles increases - no movement.
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| Flaccid | Soft or flabby muscle; old age.
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| Atrophy | Loses muscle tone and wastes away; cast.
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| Origin | Attached to the immovable or less movable.
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| Insertion | Attached to the movable.
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| Prime Movers | Major muscle responsible for movement.
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| Antagonists | Muscles that oppose each other (bicep/tricep).
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| Synergists | Help the prime mover.
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| Fixators | Stabilise origin so all tension can be used to move the insertion bone - postural muscles.
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| Golden Rules: #1 | All skeletal muscles cross at least one joint.
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| Golden Rules: #2 | The bulk of skeletal muscles lies proximal to the joint crossed. (Bulk of muscles is near the joint)
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| Golden Rules: #3 | All skeletal muscles have at least two attachments, the origin and insertion.
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| Golden Rules: #4 | Skeletal muscles can only pull, never push.
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| Golden Rules: #5 | During contraction, a skeletal muscle insertion moves towards the origin.
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Created by:
UtauxIkuto
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