Respiratory System
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| What is the nasal spetum? | Divides nasal cavities into R and L sides
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| What are turbinates? | Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity-they increasw surface are for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.
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| What is the cilia? | The hairs in your nose; trap larger dirt particles
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| What are sinuses? | Cavities in the skull. ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous memnrane to warm and moisten the air. Sinuses give resonance to the voice
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| What is the pharynx? | The throat, common passageway for air and food, 5" long, when food is swallowed, the EPIGLOTTIS closes over the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs
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| What is the larynx? | Voice box, triangular chamber below pharynx, within the larynx are vocal cords (GLOTTIS), adams apple.
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| What is the trachea? | Windpipe, 4.5 in. long, walls are alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage-to keep trachea open , lined with ciliated mucous membrane, coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous
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| What are the bornchi and bronchioles? | Lower end of trachea divided into R and L brinchus, as they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles
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| What are bronchi? | Similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
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| What are bronchial tubes? | Cartilaginous plates (instead of C-shaped rings)
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| Whar are bronchioles? | Thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epitheliuim, at the end, elveolar duct and cluster of alveoli
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| What is the alveoli? | Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissues, inner surfaces covered with SURFACTANT- to kepp alveoli from collapsing, each alveolus surrounded by capillaries, O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries
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| What are the lungs? | Fill thoractic cavity, upper part=apex, lower part=base, base fits snugly over diaphragm, lung tissue porous and spongy-it floats, R lung= larger and shorter(displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobrd, L lung smaller(displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes
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| What is the pleura? | Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs, double-walled sac, space is pleural cavity- filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction
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| What are the functions of the respiratory system? | External respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration, production of sound (vocal cords)
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| What is pulmonary ventilation? | Breathing
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| What is inspiration? | Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward- this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
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| What is expiration? | Opposite action takes place, exhalation is a passive process
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| What is coughing? | Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air- to clear lower respiratory tract
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| What are hiccups? | Spasm of the diaphrahm spasmotic closure of the glottis- diaphragm or phrenic nerve
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| What is sneezig? | Air foreced through nose to clear the respiratory tract
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| What is yawning? | Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxyegn within the blood
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| What is breathing controlled by? | Neutal and chemical factors
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| What are neural factors? | Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PHRENIC NERVE-stimulates the diaphragm
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| What are chemical factors? | Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood(respiratory center in the brain) , chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood 02
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| What is a common cold? | Contagious viral respiratory infection, indrieect causes: chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, etc. Rx-stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition, also called an upper respiratory infection (URI), handwashing- best preventative
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| What is laryngitis? | Inflammation of larynx or voice box, often secondary to other respiratory infections, symptoms: sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphagia(difficulty swallowing)
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| What is sinusitis? | Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities, caused by bacteria or virus, symptoms: heachache or pressurem thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance, Rx: symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis,
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| What is pharyngisits? | Red, inflammed throat
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| What is bronchitis? | Inflammation of the mucous memrbae of the trachea and brinchial tubes, producing excessive mucous, may be acute or chronic, acute bronchitis characterized by cough fever, substernal pain and RALES(raspy sound)
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| What is chronic bronchitis? | Middle or age, cigarette smoking most common cause
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| What is influenza (flu)? | Viral infection causing inflammation of the mucous membrane, fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion, complications-pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media, and pleurisy, Rx-treat with symptoms
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| What is pneumonia? | Infection of the lung, caused by bacteria or virus, alveoli fil with exdudates (thick fluid), symptoms-chest pain, fever, chills, dyspena, Rx- O2 and antibiotics
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| What is tuberculosis? | Infectious bacterial lung disease, tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs, symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats, diagnosis- TB skin test, if the skin test is postive- follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample,
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| What is asthma? | Inflammatory aorway obstruction , caused by alleren or psychological stress, 5% of americans have astham, symptoms: diffculty exhaling, dyspena, wheezing, tightness in chest, Rx:anti-inflammatory drugs, inchaled brinchodilator
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| What is emphysema? | Alveoli become over- dilated, lose their elasticitym cant rebound, may eventually ruptue, air becomes trapped, cant exhale-forecd exhalation required, reduced exchange of O2 and CO2, dyspna increased as disease pogress,
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| What is the normal number of breaths and adult takes each minute at rest> | 14-20
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| What is the name of the cartilage flap that covers the larynx when you swallow? | Epiglottis
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| What covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage? | The pleura
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| The respiratory system ends in millions of tiny, thin-walled sacs called? | Alveoli
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| Structures that produce mucous for the respiratory tract and are locared in the skull are: | Sinuses
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| What is the pathway of air into the lungs? | Larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
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| The walls of the trachea are made more rigid by the presence of: | Rings of cartilage
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| Each lung is divided into two or three parts called: | lOBES
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| When the trachea divides to enter both lungs, the tubes that are fomred are called? | Bronchi
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| The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is: | Cigarette smoking
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| The part of respiration that involvess taking air into the lungs is called: | Inspiration
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