PSYC 3220 Final
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| cytoskeleton protein filaments | proteins, consisting of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, that form the internal scaffolding that gives a cell its shape
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| actin | cytoskeleton protein filament that exists in 2 states: G-actin and F-actin
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| G-actin (globular actin) | subunit of actin that serves as a monomer building block and assembles into F-actin
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| F-actin (filament actin) | 2-stranded helical polymer composed of globular actin
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| polymerization | process of combining many monomers into a polymer
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| ADF/cofilin (actin-depolymerization factor/cofilin) | protein that depolymerizes F-actin
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| Ser-3 | phosphorylation site of ADF/cofilin that regulates its ability to depolymerize F-actin
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| LIMK1 | kinase that phosphorylates the ADF/cofilin site
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| adhesion molecules | proteins located on the cell's surface that bind cells together
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| neural cadherins | calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules; strands of protein held together by Ca2+ ions; can exist as either monomers or cis-stranded dimers
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| memory modulation framework | theory that assumes that experience activates both the neurons that store the memory and other modulating neural-hormonal events that can influence the neurons that store the memory
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| memory modulators | hormonal and other neural systems that are not part of the storage system but can nonetheless influence the synapses that store the memory
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| epinephrine (EPI, aka. adrenaline) | hormone produced by the adrenal gland that modulates memory storage
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| adrenoreceptors | receptors that bind to epinephrine
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| norepinephrine (NE) | an adrenergic neurotransmitter
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| adrenergics | drugs that mimic the effects of epinephrine
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| adrenergic receptors | receptors that bind to adrenergics
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| propranolol | drug that blocks the receptors for norepinephrine
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| BLA (basolateral nucleus of the the amygdala) | region of the amygdala that includes the basal and lateral nuclei and is critically involved in memory modulation and storing fear memories and plays and important role in attaching value to outcomes
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| nucleus accumbens | collection of neurons within the striatum that contribute to learning instrumental behaviors and may also modulate memory formation
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| anterior cingulate | frontal part of the cingulate cortex, believed to be involved in modulating memory formation
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| vagus (aka vagal nerve or cranial nerve X) | arises from the medulla and innervates the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, and carried info about the body into the brain
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| NTS (solitary tract nucleus) | brain stem region that receives info from the vagal nerve
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| corticosterone | adrenal hormone that can modulate memory storage and is classified as a glucocorticoid
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| glucocorticoid | hormone involved in the metabolism of glucose and which can directly enter the brain
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| RU 28362 | drug that is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist
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| clenbuterol | adrenergic receptor agonist
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| locus coeruleus | small region of the brain that contains only about 3,000 neurons but which projects broadly and provides nearly all the norepinephrine to the cortex, limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus
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| PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) | syndrome in which individuals have unusually vivid recall of the traumatic events they experienced, accompanied by severe emotional responses
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| secondary treatment | method used to decrease the likelihood that the person who experience a trauma will develop PTSD
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| debriefing | brief crisis intervention usually administered within days of a traumatic event in which the trauma-exposed individual is encouraged to talk about his or her feelings and reactions to the event
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| active trace theory | theory that suggests that both the age of a memory trace and its state of activation at the time of a disrupting event are determinants of the vulnerability of the trace to disruption
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| reconsolidation theory | theory that assumes that the retrieval of memory itself can disrupt an established memory trace but that the retrieval also initiates another round of protein synthesis so that the trace is "reconsolidated"
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| temporally graded retrograde amnesia | amnesia that is more pronounced for recently experienced events that for more remotely experienced events
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| standard model of systems consolidation | theory that assumes that as episodic and semantic memories age they no longer require the medial temporal hippocampal system for retrieval
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| systems consolidation | theory that assumes that a change in the strength of the memory trace is brought about by interactions b/t the MTH system and neocortex and which is assumed to take place over a long period of time, after the memory is initially established
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| multiple trace theory | theory of systems consolidation that assumes that the medial temporal hippocampal system is always required to retrieve episodic memories but that semantic memories can become independent of this system
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| fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) | method for imaging regional activity in the brain while the participant is engaged in cognitive activity
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| social transmission of a food preference | method for studying how rodents acquire food preferences from other rodents
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| behavioral system | system that is organized specifically to ensure that some particular need is met
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| species-specific defensive behaviors | innate behaviors that are supported by the fear system
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| predatory imminence gradient | measure of fear response in rodents that is dependent upon the distance of a predator; when a potential predator is at a distance a rat will freeze, but when the predator moves within striking distance, a rat might attempt to flee
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| PAG (periaqueductal gray) | midbrain region responsible for producing freezing and analgesia responses to fear in rodents
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| LH (lateral hypothalamus) | region of the brain responsible for changes in the autonomic responses produced by the sympathetic nervous system that prepare an animal for action
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| amygdala | collection of midbrain nuclei, some of which are involved in supporting fear conditioning and in modulating memory storage in other regions of the brain
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| CEc (lateral capsule) | subnucleus of the CE of the amygdala that is thought to be an important part of the neural basis of fear
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| CEm (medial nucleus) | subnucelus of the CE of the amygdala thought to be an important part of the neural basis of fear; functions as the output region of the amygdala; when its neurons are activated, they in turn activate neurons in the PAG and LH that generate fear behaviors
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| subcortical pathway | pathway that carries info from the sensory thalamus to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala; thought to carry a somewhat impoverished representation of the sensory experience
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| cortical pathway | pathway that carries info from the sensory thalamus to the neocortical regions of the brain where a richer, more detailed representation of the experience is constructed
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| auditory cortex | region of the brain that supports learned fear to an auditory stimulus by projecting the stimulus directly to the amygdala
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| GSR (galvanic skin response) | autonomic nervous system response related to the skin's ability to conduct electricity, used to measure defensive fear behavior
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| instrumental responses (aka. instrumental behavior) | behaviors that can change or modify the environment and can be modified by the consequences that they produce
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| extinction | in a Pavlovian experiment, the elimination of a CR, achieved by presenting the CS w/o the US
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| associative loss hypothesis | hypothesis that assumes extinction is due to the CS-alone presentation eliminating the original CS-US association
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| competing memory hypothesis | hypothesis that assumes extinction produces a new association called a CS-noUS association, which the original CS-US association that produced the CR remains intact
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| spontaneous recovery | recovery of an habituated response that occurs "spontaneously" with the passage of time
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| renewal effect | one of several ways to recover an extinguished CR, achieved by changing the context for extinction but later returning an animal to the training context to recover the CR
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| CS-noUS association | new association generated when the CS is no longer presented with the US; forms the basis of the competing memory theory in extinction studies
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| intercalated neurons | clusters of cells in the amygdala that produce inhibitory output that when fed forward to the central nucleus of the amygdala can reduce the output of the neurons iin the CEm that generate defensive behavior
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| infralimbic region (aka. infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex) | cortical region that is believed to suppress the action system and thus to play an important role in selecting which system--the action or habit system--controls instrumental behavior
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| DCS (d-cycloserine) | drug that is a partial agonist and that binds to the glycine site of the NMDA receptor to enhance its opening
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| exposure therapy | therapy in which patients are forced to experience the stimulus situation that induces their fear response which is used to treat a number of fear-anxiety disorders
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