Basal Ganglia & their connections
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| What are the basal ganglia? | Masses of gray matter within each cerebral hemisphere
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| Corpus Striatum in general | Divided by internal capsule into Caudate nucleus & Lentiform nucleus & globus pallidus + putamen)
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| Basal ganglia... | Corpus Striatum; Amygdaloid nucleis; Claustrum
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| Caudate Nucleus | Head = lateral wall of anterior horn of lateral ventricle (butterfly wing); Head continuous inferiorly with putamen; Cell bridges = striated; Body; Tail ends anterior to amygdala
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| Lentiform Nucleus relationship to internal capsule | Lateral to internal capsule; IC separates lentiform from thalamus
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| Lentiform Nucleus relationship to external capsule | Medial; EC separates it from thin sheet of gray matter (claustrum)
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| Lentiform relationship to putamen | Putamen is more lateral
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| What system is the amygdala part of? | Limbic System
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| Amygdala function | Body's response to environmental changes (tied to reticular formation)
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| Substantia Nigra & Sub-Thalamic Nuclei | Closely related functionally, situated near BG (NOT part of BG)
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| Neurons of the Substantia Nigra are? | Dopaminergic & Inhibitory; have many connections to corpus striatum
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| Neurons of the Sub-Thalamic nuclei are? | Glutaminergic & excitatory; have connections to GP & SN
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| What is the function of the claustrum? | Unknown
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| What is the substantia nigra? | Pigmented mass of neurons b/t cerebral peduncle & midbrain tegmentum; 2 main areas: Dorsal/Ventral
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| Dorsal Substantia nigra is aka, & contains what? | Pars Compacts; contains dopamine
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| Ventral Substantia Nigra is aka, & contains what? | Parts Reticulata; contains iron pigments
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| SN serves as a "fence" & fences off what? | Corticospinal tract & tegmentum of upper pons/lower midbrain
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| If afferent fibers arrive from the caudate nucleus & putamen to SN-Pars Compacta where is info sent? | Right back
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| If afferent fibers arrive from caudate nucleus & putamen to SN-Pars Reticulata, where is info sent? | Processed & sent outside BG to control head/eye movements
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| Afferent fibers arrive mostly from? | Cerebral cortex; also from globus pallidus & sub-thalamic nucleus
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| What neurons are lost in pts with Huntington's disease? | Pigmented & non-pigmented
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| Parkinson's patients only lose what? | Dopamine (pigmented)
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| What are the main sites receiving input to the BG? | CN & Putamen
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| what is the major site from which output leaves BG? | Globus Pallidus
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| Do the BG nuclei receive input form SC? | No direct input from SC; little direct input to SC
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| Afferent Connections of Corpus Striatum | Corticostriate (ipsilateral; input from sensory-motor cortex); Thalamostriate (intralaminar nuclei of thalamus to CN/putamen); Nigrostriate (from SN to CN & putamen); Brainstem striatal fibers
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| Efferent connections of corpus striatum | Striatopallidal & Striatonigral
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| Afferent connections of GP | Striatopallidal
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| Efferent connections of GP | Pallidofugal fibers
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| Corpus striatum receives afferent info from where? | cerebral cortex (esp pre-motor/supp motor area/primary sensory cortex); Thalamus; Sub-thalamus; Brainstem (including SN)
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| Outflow of BG is channeled through what & influences what? | GP; influences activities of motor area of cerebrum or motor centers of brainstem
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| BG control what by influencing cerebral cortex? | Muscle mvmts
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| BG has no direct control through? | Descending paths to brainstem & SC
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| Destruction of primary motor cortex prevents what? | Performance of fine discrete mvmts of hands/feet contralaterally (pt can still perform gross mvmts contralaterally)
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| The thalamus is inherently active & all info from thalamus back to cortex is | Positive
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| Can the cerebral cortex receive constant positive feedback from the thalamus? | No, it has to be modulated/relatively inhibited by various neurotransmitters such as GABA
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| Indirect motor loop | More negative signals via GABA than direct motor loop; Less excitatory info to thalamus (slow process due to extra step)
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| Parallel BG paths for mvmt, eye mvmt, congition, emotion (all have direct/indirect components) | Motor; Oculomotor; Pre-frontal; Limbic
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| Oculomotor Path/Loop Cortical Sources | Frontal eye fields; Supplementary eye fields; Dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex; Posterior parietal cortex
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| Inputs of oculomotor path directed where? | Mostly to the body of the caudate nucleus, which projects to GP-I & SN-PR
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| Oculomotor Path- Thalamic targets are? | Dorsomedial & VA
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| Oculomotor Path- Dorsomedial thalamus | Determines behavioral important of inputs; Inhibits motor response when task requires delaying response; Influences affective behavior, decision making, judgment, memory
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| What completes the oculomotor loops? | Thalamocortical projections to frontal eye field & supplementary eye fields
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| Which loop is important in cognitive processes involving frontal lobes? | Pre-Frontal Loop
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| What are cortical sources of input in pre-frontal loop? | Posterior parietal cortex & pre-motor cortex
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| Inputs of pre-frontal loop directed mostly where? | Head of caudate nucleus, which projects to GP-I & SN-PR
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| Thalamocortical parts of pre-frontal loop projects to what? | Pre-frontal cortex, esp pre-frontal heteromodal assn cortex
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| Pre-frontal loop- pre-frontal cortex does what? | Responds to behavioral importance of inputs; Intergrates emotional events with complex sensory stim; Helps with emotional processing, planning, & decision making
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| Limbic Loop function | Regulation of emotions & motivational drives
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| Cortical sources of input to limbic loop are? | Temporal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala
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| Inputs f limbic loop mostly directed where? | Nucleus accumbens, ventrla caudate, ventral putamen
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| Limbic Loop- thalamocortical projections to where? | Anterior cingulated, orbital frontal cortex (part of limbic system
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