mech. of diseases
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| What is Homeostasis? | : internal stability of the body
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| What is Pathology? | abnormal condition causing measurable changes in structure and function
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| What is Pathogenesis? | development of disease in stages
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| What is asymptomatic? | without symptoms
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| what is Systemic health: | Internal equilibrium
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| what is Disease state: | Inability to adapt to internal/external stressors or challenges
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| what is Syndrome: | Defined collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a condition
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| what is Acute Illness? | onset is usually abrupt
symptoms present themselves over hours to days
duration brief (<6 months
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| what is Chronic Illness? | onset is slower
symptoms persist from acute/subacute phases
duration indefinite (> 6 months
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| predisposing factors are also called? | risk factors & make a person or group more vulnerable to disease.
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| what are some predisposing factors? | age, gender, lifestyle, environment, and heredity.
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| describe how age is a risk factor. | from complications during pregnancy and the postpartum period to maladies associated with aging, some increased risks of diseases are simply intrinsic to one's stage in the human life cycle.
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| describe how gender is a risk factor. | certain diseases are more common in women(osteoporosis&multiple sclerosis) & more common in men(gout and parkinson's disease).
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| describe how lifestyle is a risk factor. | occupation, habits, or one's usual manner of living can have negative cumulative effects that can threaten a person's health. (ex. alcohol, poor nutrition, lack of excercise, & certain psychological stressors.)
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| describe how environment is a risk factor | air and water pollution is considered a major risk factor for illnesses such as cancer and pulmonary disease. (ex. poor living conditions, excessive noise, chronic psychological stress, etc.)
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| describe how hereditary is a risk factor | or genetic diseases. it's considered a major risk factor. you inherit the disease. if there's family history of the disease, you have a risk of inheriting it.
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| Infection Modes of transmission include: | Direct or indirect physical contact
Body fluids/blood
Inhalation
Ingestion
Insect/animal
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| infection diseases are caused by | pathogens.
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| cardinal signs of infection are? | redness, swelling, heat, pain, fever, pus, enlarged lymph glands, and red streaks.
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| symptoms of widespread infection: | fever, headache, body aches, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, and delirium.
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| disease-causing organisms cause disease by | invasion and local destruction of living tissue, and intoxication or production of substances that are poisonous to the body.
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| sources of infection can be? | exogenous&endogenous
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| what is endogenous? | originating from within the body
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| what is exogenous? | originating from outside the body
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| pathogenic agents include? | bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
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| What are the Body’s defense systems against infection: | natural mechanical and chemical barriers
inflammatory response
immune response
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| Acute inflammatory response is marked by: | Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
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| what is acute inflammation? | a normal protective physiologic response to tissue injury and disease
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| Acute inflammatory response can be inhibited by: | Immune disorders
Chronic illness
Medications, especially steroids
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| MRSA is what? | Staphylococcus aureus
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| mrsa can cause? | fatal pneumonia, bone infections, and septicemia. & is the a leading cause of surgical wound infections in hospitals.
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| genetic diseases are ? | produced by an abnormality in or mutation of the genetic code in a single gene.
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| genetic diseases are also? | caused by several abnormal genes (polygenic genes) or is caused by the abnormal presence or absence of an entire chromosome or by alteration in the structure of chromosomes.
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| Genetic mutations: changes in the genetic code that: | are passed from one generation to the next
may occur spontaneously
may be caused by agents that disrupt the normal DNA sequence
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| Modes of Inheritance for Genetic Diseases are? | autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and x-linked recessive
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| Autosomal dominant: | single abnormal gene on only one of a chromosome pair will cause disease. ex) marfan's syndrome & huntington's disease
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| X-linked (sex-linked) recessive: | abnormal gene is only located on an X chromosome
Ex) duchenne's muscular dystrophy and hemophilia A
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| autosomal recessive: | same abnormal gene present on both chromosomes of a pair
ex) cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria.
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| mutagens that can harm dna are: | chemicals, radiation, and viruses
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| genetic abnormalities: | huntingtion's chorea, down syndrome, hemophilia, epilepsy, turner's syndrome, cleft palate, myopia, albinism, dwarfism, etc.
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| Cancer | A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation or growth.
The uncontrolled growth proliferates at the expense of healthy cells and tissues.
The uncontrolled growth can develop into masses of abnormal cells or tumors.
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| Benign tumors | develop slowly
can arise from any tissue
usually remain encapsulated (self-contained)
rarely recur after surgical removal
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| Malignant tumors | cells multiply rapidly
do not usually resemble the tissue of origin
invade surrounding tissue
often recurrent
infiltrate to distant sites (metastasize)
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| cancer is caused by both what? | external exposure to carcinogens and internal factors
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| carcinogens are? | chemicals, radiation, and viruses
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| internal factors are? | hormones, immune conditions, and inherited mutations
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| Cancer risk factors | tobacco smoke (active and passive)
heavy use of alcohol
exposure to environmental carcinogens
high fat/low fiber diet
excessive exposure to sunlight/UV light
sedentary lifestyle
exposure to radiation/radon
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| Cancer screening guidelines for Men: | PSA test (prostate-specific antigen)
Testicular self-exam
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| Cancer screening guidelines for Women: | Pap smear
Mammogram
Breast self-exam
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| Cancer Treatment | surgery
radiation
chemotherapy
hormone therapy
immunotherapy
Palliative surgery
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| Hospice Care | comfort and supportive care for the patient and family during the terminal stages of illness and into the bereavement period
emphasis on palliative treatment
neither hastens nor postpones death
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| hospice care cont. | considers dying as a normal process
provides physical, psychological, and spiritual support
may be home-based or in a facility with dedicated hospice services/beds
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| what are Non-changeable predisposing factors | age
gender
heredity
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| what are changeable predisposing factors | lifestyle and environment
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| what are some Immune disorders | hypersensitivity reaction (allergy)
autoimmune disease
immunodeficiency disorder
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| immune disorders are? | the result of a breakdown in the body's defense system
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| Hypersensitivity reaction | Exposure to allergen, which acts as antigen
Triggers release of histamine, etc.
Symptoms produced (mild to life-threatening)
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| common allergens are? | inhalants(dust,molds,fungi), food, drugs, chemicals, and physical agents (heat, cold, and radiation)
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| initial exposure to an allergen is called | antigen(causes an allergic response)
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| subsequent exposures trigger the allergic response called" | antigen-antibody reaction(causing release of histamine and other chemicals
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| the chemicals cause bothersome symptoms such as? | nasal congestion, sneezing, diarrhea, coughing, itching, wheezing, burning, swelling.
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| common allergic conditions include: | seasonal allergic rhinitis(hay fever), allergic sinusitis, bronchial asthma, urticaria(hives), eczema, and food, drug, venom allergy.
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| symptomatic treatments for allergies include: | antihistimines, bronchial dilators, and corticosteroids.
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| anaphylaxis is: | the result of a severe systemic allergic reaction
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| common causes for anaphylaxis are? | insect stings, food, latex, and medications
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| Aging Process | metabolic changes (e.g., decreased liver & kidney function)
decreased total body water
changes in body composition (e.g., increased adipose tissue, decreased muscle mass)
decreased bone density
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| psychological evaluation encompasses: | the observation of behavior, appearance, mood, communication, judgement, and thought process
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| Diagnosis of Disease | medical history
physical exam
laboratory tests (blood count, chemistry, etc.)
imaging tests (MRI, CT, X-ray, ultrasound, etc.)
biopsy
miscellaneous tests (pulmonary function, cultures, etc.)
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| Holistic Medical Care | Focuses on the needs of the whole person
physical
spiritual
psychological
social
emotional
intellectual
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| Cultural Diversity | Individuality based on numerous differences
race
ethnicity
language
culture
religious beliefs
values/life experiences
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| Gene therapy | Experimental intervention repairs or blocks the expression of specific genes to treat disease.
The disease treated with gene therapy may be either inherited or acquired
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| protocols may be done for gene therapy called: | ex vivo (outside body)& in vivo (inside body)
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| Pain Physiology | stimulation of nociceptors found on free nerve endings
impulses travel through spinal cord to brain
usually signals injury or tissue damage
may travel a parallel pathway along spinal cord to brain, resulting in referred pain in another part of the bod
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| Pain Medications | analgesics
opioids (narcotics)
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
antidepressants
anticonvulsants
antispasmodics
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| Psychological Pain | feelings of sadness, despair, anger, depression, helplessness, hopelessness
thought processes may be impaired
sleep patterns may be disrupted
may exhibit changes in personality
may cry or show signs of withdrawal
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| words describing psychological pain: | uncomfortable sensation, unpleasant experience, distress, strong discomfort, suffering, agony, or simply hurting.
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| pain resulting from overuse of the musculoskeletal system are: | dull and aching
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| word to describe pain in head | throbbing
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| word to describe nerve pain or insult | burning
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| word describing abdominal-viscera type of pain | cramping
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| other terms are: | shooting, stabbing, stinging & in reference to thermal injury, a burning sensation
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| when expressing how pain is affecting them, such terms are used: | frightening, sickening, tiring, discomforting, intense, unbearable, mild, excruciating, and viscious to categorizing pain.
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| pain receptors respond to 3 different stimuli: | temperature extremes, mechanical damage, and dissolved chemicals including potassium, acids, histamines, acetylcholine, etc.`
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| pain may be classified as: | acute, chronic, transient, or intractable
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| Alternative Medicine | Therapies complementary to traditional medicine:
osteopathy
acupuncture and acupressure
massage and reflexology
relaxation therapy
herbal/nutritional supplements
chiropractic
hypnosis
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| Goals of patient teaching | facilitate patient compliance with the medical treatment plan
clarify information and instructions
foster patient independence and responsibility
establish trusting, therapeutic relationship
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| Additional reasons for patient teaching | ease anxiety
facilitate greater sense of patient control
improve patient/family coping
highlight goals for recovery or acceptance
reduce unnecessary clinic visits and hospitalizations
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