Respiratory Anatomy & Physiology
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| What are conducting airways? | connect atmospheric air with the gas-exchange membrane of the lungs. They DO NOT participate in gas exchange.
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| Upper Airways | Consist of nose, oral Cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Larynx marks the transition Between upper and lower Airways
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| What function does your nose do? | “air-conditioning” and filtering device. Most breathing takes place through nose Special structures in nose that allows for filtering, warming and humidification functions.
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| Pharynx | Space behind the nasal cavities that extends down to larynx. stems from Greek language meaning “throat”
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| Nasopharynx | portion behind nasal cavities that extends down to soft palate
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| Oropharynx | space behind oral cavity, bounded by soft palate above and the base of the tongue below.
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| Larynx | Cartilaginous, cylindrical structure that acts as a valve on top of the trachea “voice box”…because it contains the vocal cords. Main cartilage is in middle of larynx – Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple)
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| Vocal Cords | Protected by Epiglottis
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| Croup | laryngotracheobronchitis inflamed/infected upper airway
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| Trachea | Begins at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra and extends for about 11 cm to the 5th thoracic vertebra. Divides into right and left main stem bronchi, one for each lung The point of division is called Carina
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| Carina | Bifurcation of two main stems. Straighter right main stem Due to presence of heart
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| Conducting zone | no gas exchange occurs…strictly provide passageway for air movement
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| Respiratory Zone | gas exchange occurs
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| Alveoli | site at which gas exchange occurs (A-C) Membrane also marks the beginning of Respiratory zone
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| Type I Alveoli Cells | comprise most of alveolar surface, flat
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| Type II Alveoli Cells | blunt projections on alveolar surfaces, contain internal organelles including lamellar bodies. Responsible for surfactant production – surface tension reducing agent
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| VE | defined as the volume of air entering or leaving the lung each minute. Comprised of amount of volume moving in and out of patient’s lungs with each breath, tidal volume (Vt) and the rate at which this volume is moving, respiratory rate (f) VE = Vt x f
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| Vt | tidal volume
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| f | respiratory rate
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| Dead Space Ventilation (VD) | is defined as AIR SPACES THAT ARE VENTILATED BUT DO NOT RECEIVE BLOOD FLOW FROM THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
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| Alveolar Ventilation (VA) | Amount of gas entering or leaving the ALVEOLI per minute. Effective portion of VE – in the sense that ONLY VA takes part in respiration Therefore if VD and VE are known, VA is easily calculated VA = VE – VD
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| Hyperventilation | or overbreathing is the state of breathing faster or deeper than normal, causing excessive expulsion of circulating carbon dioxide or CO2 and low levels of PCO2 in the blood. PCO2 < 35mmHg
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| Hypoventilation | If VA removes less PCO2 than the body produces, alveolar and blood PCO2 rise, causing a state of _______. PCO2 > 45mmHg
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| Normal PCO2 | 35 – 45mmHg
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| Inverse relationship between VA and PCO2 | As VA goes up…blood levels of PCO2 will go down. As VA goes down…blood levels of PCO2 will rise.
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