Genetics, Chromosomal Abnormalities, Prenatal Dev and Childbirth
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| Genes | basic units of genetic instructions, which are segments of DNA molecules
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| Chromosome | thread-like structures of DNA; there are 46 (23 pairs)
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; made of units called genes; double stranded helix held together by bases
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| Natural selection | individuals with genetically controlled characteristics reproduce more successfully and the species comes to resemble those individuals more and more as time passes
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| Genotype | genetic characteristics; the sum total of all the genes a person inherits for any particular trait
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| Phenotype | physical expression of genetic characteristics; actual expression of traits, observable in the person’s physical appearance, as well as behavior tendencies.
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| Polygenic traits | those traits produced by the combined action of more than one gene
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| Multifactorial traits | those traits influenced by many factors including the environment
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| Additive | sum of contribution of the genes involved
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| Dominant genes | the genes that control the trait
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| Recessive genes | the genes are carried on the genotype but not expressed in the phenotype
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| Reaction range | is a term used to describe the range of phenotypes for each genotype, suggesting the environment’s restrictiveness or enrichment
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| Monozygotic twins | identical twins; identical genetically
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| Dizygotic twins | fraternal twins; different genetically
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| Down’s Syndrome | most common chromosomal abnormality; it results from 3 chromosomes at sight 21
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| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | abnormal protein digestion that is caused by recessive gene
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| Fragile X syndrome | part of the X chromosome is attached by such a thin string of molecules that it seems about to break off
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| implantation | body of cells arrive at uterus and burrow into uterine lining
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| teratogens | any substances or conditions that contribute to birth defects
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