Institutions of Culture and Theories of Development
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| What was Jared Diamond's theory? | Geography determines the fate of a culture
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| What did the people of the middle east develop? | They lived in one place, and domesticated plants and animals.
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| Why did farming not take off in New Guinea? | They are unable to grow efficiently enough, and the only foods they can grow are not nutritious enough.
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| Where did domesticated animals come from and what do they provide? | They came from the Middle east and they provide meat, milk, fur, horsepower, and fertilizer.
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| What was Josiah Strong's theory? | Anglo-Saxons must take over the world
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| What were Josiah Strong's reasons? | White people were richer, smarter, and more religious than all other people. "God chose them"
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| What did Josiah Strong write? | Our Country
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| Who wrote The Culture of Nations? | David Brooks
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| What was the theory of The Culture of Nations? | Cultural differences explain a society's success.
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| Accordind to the Culture of Nations, cultural changes must be led by... | people who recognize and accept their own culture's problems
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| What was the theory expressed in Of Property and Poverty? | Land titling, and therefore stimulating the economy, is the way out of poverty.
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| Why would having a property title stimulate the economy so much? | If you have a property title, you can use it as colateral for a loan. A loan would help the bank and you could start a business with it. Also, you and your family could all go to work without worrying about protecting your house because you legally own it
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| Why is it sometimes so hard to get a property title? | When a government is corrupt it costs a lot and takes many steps and bribes to get one.
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| What else does Of Property and Poverty say that countries need to do? | countries need a decent legal system, sound economic policies, and competition among banks
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| What are the 5 institutions of culture? | Government, Religion, Economics, Education, and Family
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| What are the 4 major types of government? | Monarchy, dictatorship, republican democracy, failed states
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| Monarchy is | a system in which varying amounts of power are held in the hands of one family, passed down through generations
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| What are the 2 types of monarchy? | constitutional and absolute
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| constututional monarchy is... | a monarch's power is limited by the people. in most cases, they are nothing more than a symbolic figure.
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| an absolute monarchy is... | a monarch has final say in most, if not all, matters. today they exist only in middle east
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| What is a dictator? | a single person who holds all power, cannot be removed from power without violence
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| Do dictators hold elections? | Often, they do. But they make sure that they always win through fraud, threats, etc
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| What is a republican democracy? | a country gets to pick and re-elect their leaders. therefore, the government is expected to do what the people want
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| What 3 things does a democracy need to work? | free media, education, and a respect for the rule of law
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| a failed state is... | a country with no government or one with no control
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| What is the only form of protection in a failed state? | gangs, terrorist groups
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| What are the 3 major types of religion today? | Animism, monotheism, polytheism
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| What is animism? | the beleif that earthly things (nature, ancestors, etc.) contain spiritual energy and communiate through shamans
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| Where is animism today? | africa, china, native americans
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| What is monotheism? | the beleif in one god
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| the 3 major monotheistic religions are... | judaism, christianity, and islam
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| Where is judaism practiced? | US, Europe, Israel
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| Where is christianity practiced? | North and South America, Europe, Africa, Austrailia, Phillipines, East Asia
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| What are the 4 major types of christianity? | catholic, orthodox, cpotic, protestant
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| Where is Islam todaY? | North Afica, South + Central Asia, other parts of Africa, a little in Europe
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| What are the 2 kinds of Islam? | Sunni and Shi'ite
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| What is polytheism? | the beleif in 2 or more gods
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| What are the 2 major types of polytheistic religions? | Hinduism, Buddhism
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| Where are Hinduism and Buddhism practiced | South Asia
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| Hinduism is... | a mix of some religious traditions in India
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| How was Buddhism founded? | Siddhartha Gautama broke away from Hinduism to find his own path to enlightenment
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| Informal Education is.... | people learn skills from family members, and will probablylive the same life their parents did
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| Formal Education is..... | people learn skills from experts in various fields, and have the potential to be smarter than their parents
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| 3 ways to divide countries up economically... | amount of government control, economic activity, level of development
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| What did Adam Smith beleive? | he beleived in free market-capitalism, all the government should do was protect 3 things....
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| What, accordin to Adam Smith, should the government protect? | pursuit of self-interest, division of labor, free internatinal trade
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| What did Karl Marx beleive? | workers should rise up and overthrow the other classes,set up a dictatorship, and divide everything equally (communist utopia)
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| What does the US government mess with economically? | tariffs, health and safety rules
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| What was the conflict between communism and capitalism called? | the cold war
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| Who owns the businesses in American and European free-market style capitalism? | private individuals or corporations
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| What is the difference between American and European capitalism? | europeans beleive it's the government's job to provide a comfortable living for everyone, therefore taxes are high, and it's hard to get fired
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| Emerging capitalism is.... | former communist nations moving away from communism (China, Vietnam)
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| How are former communist nations moving away from communism? | by allowing private individuals to make economic choices, welcoming foriegn investments, more job choices
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| What is black market capitalism? | its too hard and expensive to start businesses, so everything happens on the black market (no taxes but no protection of health and safety)
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| a "nationalized" economy is... | the government owns and runs some major industries, and decides how much or how little to share with its citizens
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| Where are some major nationalized economies? | Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Venezuela, Russia, (oil and natural-rich nations)
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| Where is communism todaY? | Cuba and North Korea
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| what is foraging? where? | basically nomadic hunting and gathering, some Brazil and Papua New Guinea
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| what is pastoralism? where? | nomadic herding, asia
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| what is subsistence agriculture? where | simple farming and ranching to raise just enough food for personal/family survival (most common in world)
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| what is commercial agriculture? | selling/trading surplus crops (allows people to not farm)
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| what is extraction? | mining or drilling for natural resources
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| what are the three levels of economies? | traditional (primary), industrial (secondary), high tech/service/"idea" (tertiary)
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| industrial economies..... | are one level up from traditional economies and buy their natural resources to manufacture goods
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| tertiary economies... | have ideas in their countries, and then build factories overseas to make it at low costs, and the smarter you are, the richer you will be
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| First World countries included... | US and its wealthiest allies
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| Second World countries included... | Soviet union and its wealthiest allies
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| Third world countries.... | are poor and this term is still used today.
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| What are the Very Developed Countries? | high incomes, diversified economies, good health care and education. includes US, UK, Japan, Germany
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| VDC=T__________ | tertiary
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| What are More Developed Countries? | doing well, but also have an underclass of poor people. include Eastern European countries such as Poland and Russia
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| MDC=S_______ | secondary
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| What are Developing Countries? | poor, but starting to do better. low incomes and literacy rates. limited health care. China, India, Brazil, Mexico
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| DC=S________ | secondary
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| what are underdeveloped countries? | poorest of the poor. living on less than $1 per day. Sub-saharan Africa, Haiti
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| UDC=P________ | primary and agricultural
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