Upper Extremities: Digits, Hands, Wrist
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| AP Thumb | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: Internally rotate hand until posterior surface of thumb is on IR.
CR: 1st MCP
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| LAT Thumb | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: Pronate hand and place 2-5th finger into a loose fist.
CR: 1st MCP
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| OBL Thumb | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: Place hand in pronated position.
CR: 1st MCP
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| PA Fingers: 2nd-5th | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: Pronate hand; palmar surface in contact with IR. Keep digits extended.
CR: PIP of finger
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| LAT Fingers: 2nd-5th | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: 2nd digit: lateral(radial) aspect over IR. CR: PIP
3rd digit place lateral or medial aspect over IR. CR: PIP
4th-5th digit: place medial(ulna) aspect over IR. CR: PIP
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| OBL Fingers: 2nd-5th | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: 2nd digit: medial rotation to place affected digit into a 45 degree oblique. CR: PIP
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| PA Hand | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: Pronate hand and spread fingers slightly. CR: 3rd MCP
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| OBL Hand | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: Pronate and rotate hand laterally 45 degrees. Best done with wedge or step-sponge. CR: 3rd MCP
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| LAT Hand | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: Place hand in lateral position with medial aspect on IR. CR: 2nd MCP
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| LAT Hand: Fingers may be placed in what positions | 1. extension
2. normal flexion
3. feathered position (most used )
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| PA Wrist | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT
Position: Pronate hand and flex fingers to place wrist in contact with IR. CR: mid-carpal
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| OBL Wrist | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT
Position: From PA, rotate wrist laterally 45 degrees. Use wedge songe or "OK" sign to support wrist. CR: mid-carpal
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| Wrist LAT | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT
Flex elbow 90 degrees. From PA hand, rotate hand and wrist 90 degrees to place medial aspect of hand in contact with IR. CR: mid-carpal
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| Wrist PA "Axial" Scaphoid, ULNAR DEVIATION (no angle) | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT
Position: Flex elbow 90 degrees. Pronate and deviate hand away from radius. CR: Perp. to scaphoid.
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| Wrist PA "Axial" Scaphoid, ULNAR DEVIATION | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT
Position: Flex elbow 90 degrees.Pronate and deviate hand away from radius. CR angled 10-15 degrees proximally to long axis of arm. CR: Perp to scaphoid
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| Wrist PA Axial Scaphoid, "Stecher" Method | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT
Position: Pronate and elevate hand with 20 degrees angled sponge (or elevate distal end of IR 20 degrees, placing sponge under IR) CR: Perp. to scaphoid.
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| AP Forearm | IR Size: 11x14 LW; 14x17 LW (long forearm
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Erect/Recumbent: Seated
Position: Humerous, elbow & forearm parallel and in contact with table. Hand supinated
CR: at mid-shaft. epicondyles parallel to
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| LAT Forearm | IR Size: 11x14 LW; 14x17 LW (long forearm)
Non-Grid: TT; SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Erect/Recumbent: Seated
Position: Humerus, elbow & forearm parallel and in contact with table. Elbow flexed 90 degrees. Hand placed in lat position w/epi
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| AP Elbow | IR Size: 8x10 LW
Non-Grid: TT
SID: 40"
Marker: RT or LT (outer border)
Position: Seated. Humerus, elbow & forearm parallel and in contact with table. Hand supinated & epicondyles parallel to IR.
CR:Elbow joint
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| projection of knee best demonstrates the intercondylar fossa | Holmblad
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| methods to examine the intercondylar fossa | Holmblad
Canp Coventry
Beclere
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| ASIS to TT (angulation) | < 19 cm 5 degrees caudad
19 - 24 cm none perpendicular
> 24 cm 5 degrees cephalad
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| CR angulation required for PA axial weight-bearing projection (Rosenberg Method) | 10 degrees caudad
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| knee flexion required for PA axial weight-bearing projection (Rosenberg Method) | 45 degrees
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| knee flexion required for PA axial projection (Holmblad Method) | 60 degrees to 70 degrees
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| which oblique projection of the foot best demonstrates the majority of the tarsal bones | AP oblique with medial rotation
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| which oblique projection of the foot best demonstrates the navicular and the first and second cuneiforms with minimal superimposition | AP oblique with lateral rotation
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| roatation can be determined on a radiograph of an AP foot projection by the near-equal distance between the | second and fifth metatarsals
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| which projection tends to place the foot into a truer lateral position | lateromedial
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| which type of study should be performed to best evaluate the condition of the longitudinal arches of the foot | AP and lateral weight-bearing projections
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| how should the CR be angled from the long axis of the foot for the plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneus | 40 degrees cephalad
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| which calcaneus structure should appear medially on a well-positioned plantodorsal projection | sustentaculum tali
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| where is the CR placed for a lateraal projection of the calcaneus | 1.5 inches inferior to the medial malleolus
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| which joint surface of the ankle is not typically visualized with a correctly positioned AP projection of the ankle | lateral surface of joint
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| how much (if any) should the foot and ankle be rotated for an AP mortise projection of the ankle | 15 degrees to 20 degrees (medially)
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| which projection of the ankle best demonstrates a possible fracture of the lateral malleolus | 45 degrees AP oblique with medial rotation
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| with a true lateral projection of the ankle, the lateral malleolus is: | projected over the posterior aspect of the distal tibia
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| which projections of the ankle require forced inversion and eversion movements | AP stress projections
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| what us the basic positioning routine for a study of the tibia and fibula | AP and lateral projections
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| to include both joint for a lateral projection of the tibia and fibula for an adult, the technologist may place the cassette ___________ in relation to the part | diagonally
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| what is tthe recommended CR angulation for an AP projection of the knee for a patient with thick thigh and buttocks (i.e. measuring greater than 24 cm) | 3 degrees to 5 degree cephalad
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| where is the CR centered for an AP projection of the knee | .5 inch distal to apex of patella
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| which basic projection of a knee best demonstrates the proximal fibula free of superimposition | AP oblique, 45 degrees medial rotation
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| for the AP oblique projection of the knee, the ___________ rotation best visualizes the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head and neck of the fibula | medial(internal)
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| what is the recommended CR placement for a lateral knee position on a tall, slender male patient with a narrow pelvis | 5 degrees cephalad
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| how much flexion is recommended for a lateral projection of the knee | 20 degrees to 30 degrees
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| which positioning error is present if the distal borders of the femoral condyles are not superimposed on a radiograph of a lateral knee | improper angle of the CR
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| which positioning error is present if the posterior portions of the femoral condyles are not superimposed on a lateral knee radiograph | overrotation or underrotation of the knee
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| which anatomic structure of the femur can be used to determine which rotation error (overrotation or underrotation) is present on a slightly rotated lateral knee radiograph | adductor tubercle on posterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle
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| which special projection of the knee best evaluates the knee joint for cartilage degeneration or deformities | AP or PA weight-bearing knee
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| AP knee stress projections are performed to demonstrate: | medial or collateral ligament damage
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| how much flexion of the lower leg is required for the Camp-Coventry projection when the CR is angled 40 degrees caudad | 40 degrees flexion
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| why is the posteroanterior (PA) axial projection for the intercondylar fossa recommended instead of an AP axial projection | distortion caused by CR andle and increased OID for AP axial projection
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| what type of CR angulation is required for the PA axial weight-bearing projection (Rosenberg method) | 10 degrees caudad
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| how much flexion of the knees is required for the PA axial weight-bearing projection (Rosenberg method) | 45 degrees
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| how much knee flexion is required for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method) | 60 degrees to 70 degrees
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| what type of CR angle is required for the PA axial (Holmblad method) | none; CR is perpendiculat to IR
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| to place the interepicondylar line parallel to the IR for a PA projection of the patella, the lower limb must be rotated approximately 5 degrees internally (True or False) | true
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| how much part flexion is recommended for a lateral projection of the patella | 5 degrees to 10 degrees
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| how much CR angle from the long axis of the femora is required for a Merchant bilateral projection | 30 degrees from horizontal
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| how much part flexion is required for the Hughston method | 45 degrees to 55 degrees
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| how much part flexion is required for the Settegast method | 90 degrees
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| what type of CR angle is required for the superoinferior sitting tangential method for patella | none; CR is perpendicular to IR
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| can be performed using a wheelchair or lowered radiographic table | Holmblad method
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| patient prone; requires 90 degrees knee flexion | Settegast method
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| patient prone with 40 degrees to 50 degrees knee flexion and with equal 40 degrees to 50 degrees caudad CR angle | Camp-Coventry method
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| IR is placed on a foot stool to minimize the OID | superoinferior sitting tangential method
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| patient prone with 45 degrees knee flexion and 10 degrees to 20 degrees cephalad CR angle from long axis of lower leg | Hughston method
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| patient supine with cassette resting on midthighs | inferosuperior axial for patellofemoral joint
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| patient supine with 40 degrees knee flexion and with 30 degrees caudad CR angle from horizopntal | Merchant method
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| how much foot rotation is required for the AP oblique, medial roatation projection of the foot | 30 degrees to 40 degrees
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| what another term for the AP projection of the foot | plantodorsal projection
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| what CR angle generally required for the AP projection of the foot | 10 degrees posterior
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| which projection of the foot best demonstrates the cuboid | AP oblique medial rotation
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| where is the CR placed for a plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneou | base of 3rd metatarsal
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| which ankle projection is best for demonstating the mortise of the ankle | AP oblique (15 degrees to 20 degrees medial rotation)
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| which imaginary plane should be placed parallel to the IR for an AP projection of the knee | Interepicondylar
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| which joint spce should be open or almost open for a well-positioned AP oblique knee projection with medial rotation | proximal tibiofibular
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| a 5 degrees to 7 degrees cephalad angle of the CR for a lateral priojection of the knee helps superimpose the distal borders of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur (T/F) | true
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| why is a PA projection of the patella preferred to an AP projection | 1.less OID
2.less distortion of patella
3.less magnification of patella
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| which specific position error is present when the left iliac wing is elongated on an AP pelvis radiograph | ratation toward left side
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| which specific positioning error is present when the left obturator foramen is more open that the right side on an AP pelvis radiograph | right rotation
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| how many degrees are femur abducted (from the vertical plane) for the bilateral frog-leg projection | 40 degrees to 45 degrees
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| where is the CR placed for a unilateral frog-leg projection | midfemoral neck
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| which cassette size should be used for an adult bilateral frog-leg projection | 14 x 17 inches crosswise
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| where is the CR placed for an AP bilateral frog-leg projection | 1 inches superior to the symphysis pubis
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| which CR angle is required for the "outlet" projection (Taylor method) for a female patient | 30 degrees to 45 degrees cephalad
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| how much obliquity if the body is required for the Judet method | 45 degrees
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| what type of CR angle is used for a PA axial oblique (Teufel) projection |
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| how is the pelvis (body) positioned for a PA axial oblique (Teufek) projection |
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| any orthopedic device or appliance of the hip should be seen in it entirety on an AP hip radiography(T/F) | true
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| the axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection is designed for ______ situation | traumatic
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| how is the unaffected leg positioned for the axiolateral hip projection | it is flexed and elevated to prevent it from being superimposed over the affected hip
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| an AP pelvis projection using 90kV and 8mAs results in a patient dose of approximately 30% less than a projection using 80kV and 12 mAs(for both male and females) | true
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| during an axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection of the hip, a male patient receives more than 20 times the gonadal dose than the female | true
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| the modified axiolateral requires the CR to be angled ____ posteriorly form horizontal | 15 to 20 degrees
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| which special projection of the hip demonstrates the anterior and posterior rims of the acetabulum and the ilioischial and iliopubic columns; which CR andle (if any) is used for this projection | posterior oblique projections of acetabulum (Judet method); 0 degrees(perpendicular)
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| what is the name of a special AP axial projection of the pelvis used to assess trauma to pubic and ischial structures | Ap axial outlet projection (Taylor method)
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| axiolateral (inferosuperior) | Danelius-Miller
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| modified axiolateral | Clement-Nakayama
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| bilateral or unilateral frog-leg | modified Cleaves
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| PA axial oblique for acetabulum | Teufel
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| AP axial for pelvic "outlet" bones | Taylor
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| posterior oblique for acetabulum | Judet
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| what is the optimal amount of hip abduction applied for the unilateral "frog-leg" projection to demonstrate the femoral neck without distortion | 20 degrees to 30 degrees f rom vertical
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| the Lauenstein/Hickey method for the unilateral "frog-leg projection will produce distoration of the femoral neck (T/F) | true
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| how much is the cassette tilted for the modfied axiolateral projection of the hip | 15 degrees
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| gonadal shielding can be used for males for the axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection of the hip (T/F) | false
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| which indicates that the proximal femurs are in position of a true AP projection | limited view of the lesser trochanter in profile
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| what type of CR angle is required when using the ATaylor method for a male patient | 30 degrees to 45 degrees cephalad
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| how much is the pelvis and/or thorax rotated for a PA axial oblique (Teufel method)for acetabulum | 35 degrees to 40 degrees toward affected side
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| what type of CR angle is required for the PA axial oblique (Teufel method) for acetabulum | 12 degrees cephalad
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| the unilateral frog-leg projection (modified Cleaves method) is intended for nontraumatic hip situation | true
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| Centering for the AP pelvis projection is 1 inch, or 2.5 cm, superior to the symphsis pubis projection (T/F) | false; midway between ASIS and symphsis pubis
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| what type of CR angle is required for the Judet method | none; CR is perpendicular
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| the modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama method) is classified as a nontraumatic lateral hip projection | false
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