Pelvic Girdle
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| What does the head of the proximal femur articulate with? | show 🗑
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| What is the fovea capitius? | show 🗑
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| show | Superiorly and Laterally; can be palpated as a landmark
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| show | smaller than the greater and located more medially and posteriorly than the greater trochanter
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| show | A thick ridge of bone that joins the two trochanters together posteriorly
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| What is the angle from the neck to the shaft of the proximal femur on an average person? | show 🗑
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| show | *10 *15 degrees
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| show | 15-20
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| How many bones make up the pelvis? What are they? | show 🗑
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| show | 2 hip bones
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| What are the three divisions that make up each hip bone? | show 🗑
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| show | *middle teen *acetabulum
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| show | the deep, cup shaped fossa that articulates with the femoral head to form the hip joint
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| show | More inferior and includes the upper two fifths of the acetabulum
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| show | the thin, flared portion of the upper ilium
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| show | upper curved area of the ala that extends from the ASIS to the PSIS; one of the most palpable bony landmarks used for abdominal positioning; usually only use the top or most superior portion
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| show | Anterior superior iliac spine- bony prominence located anteriorly at the anterior end of the iliac crest; also used as a landmark for positioning
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| PSIS | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior inferior iliac spine- small prominence located inferior to the ASIS
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| PIIS | show 🗑
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| show | upper body forms the posteroinferior two fifths of the acetabulum; lower portion of body projects caudally and medially from the acetabulum
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| show | rough, rounded area located at the end of the lower body; area in which our body rests when in a seated position; may be used as a bony landmark when performing prone abdomen projections
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| Ramus | show 🗑
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| show | Posterior to the acetabulum; cannot be palpated; may see a small portion of this projection in an AP pelvis projection
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| show | deep notch located directly above the ischial spine
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| show | smaller notch located directly below the ischial spine
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| show | Anteriorly and inferiorly to the acetabulum and includes the anteroinferior one fifth of the acetabulum.
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| Superior ramus | show 🗑
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| Inferior ramus | show 🗑
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| show | largest foramen or opening in the body;formed by the ischium and the pubis
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| How is the ASIS used as a positioning landmark? | show 🗑
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| show | Upper margin may be palpated in the upper thigh; lies approximately at the same horizontal level as the upper margin of the symphysis pubis or 1 and 1/2 inch superior.
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| show | usually lies 1 and 1/2 to 2 inches below the level of the symphysis and may be used to assist in positioning of the prone abdomen; not frequently utilized due to embarrassment and modesty
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| show | corresponds to the lowest level of the abdomen; used in conjuction with the ASIS to locate the head and neck of the femur
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| show | defined by the upper margin of the symphysis anteriorly and by the prominent portion of the sacrum posteriorly; and imaginary plane drawn through this area allows for the location of a cavity above and beneath
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| show | refers to the cavity that lies above the pelvic brim; it is formed by the iliac wings of the hip bones and contains lower abdominal organs as well as the fetus in a pregnant female.
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| Lesser or true pelvis | show 🗑
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| show | the area of the true pelvis defined by the pelvic brim
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| Cavity | show 🗑
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| show | The area defined by the two ischial tuberosities and the coccyx; during birth, the fetus travels first through the inlet, then the cavity, and exits the outlet of the true pelvis
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| Cephalopelvimetry | show 🗑
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| Female pelvis characteristics | show 🗑
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| show | usually more narrow and deep (tall) and less flared in the area of the iliac wings; angle of the pubic arc is acute or less than 90 degrees; shape of the inlet or pelvic brim is usually more narrow and heart shaped
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| show | Synovial/Amphiarthrodial
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| Symphysis pubis | show 🗑
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| Union of the acetabulum | show 🗑
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| show | Synovial/Diarthrodial- ball and socket movement or spheroidal
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| Location of the femoral head and neck | show 🗑
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| Internal rotation of the leg | show 🗑
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| True or False. If rotaion of the leg is successful, the lesser trochanter of the femur will not be visible on the completed radiograph. | show 🗑
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| Evidence of hip fractures | show 🗑
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| show | Femur
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| A small depression located in the center of the femoral head is called the ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Medial
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| The lesser trochanter projects _____ (anteriorly or posteriiorly) from the junction between the neck and the shaft. | show 🗑
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| Because of the alignment between the femoral head and pelvis, the lower limb must be rotated _____* internally to place the femoral neck parallel to the plane of the IR to achieve a true AP projection. | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| What are the two important radiographic landmarks found on the ilium? | show 🗑
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| Which bony landmark is found on the most inferior aspect of the posterior pelvis? | show 🗑
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| show | Symphysis pubis
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| The ______ of the pelvis is the largest foramen in the skeletal system. | show 🗑
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| show | 1" , 1 and 1/2 to 2"
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| show | Pelvic brim
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| List the alternate names for the greater and lesser pelvis. | show 🗑
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| List the major function of the greater and lesser pelvis. | show 🗑
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| show | A. Inlet B. Outlet C. Cavity
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| Ilium | show 🗑
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| Ischium | show 🗑
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| Pubis | show 🗑
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| show | Cephalopelvimetry
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| Which two bony landmarks need to be palpated for hip localization? | show 🗑
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| show | Approximately 2" below the midpoint of the line
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| A second method for locating the femoral head is to palpate the ____ and go _____ inches medial at the level of ____ which is _____ inches distal to the orginial palpation point. | show 🗑
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| show | 15-20*
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| show | Lesser Trochanter should not be visible or should only be seen slightly visible on the radiograph
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| Which physical sign may indicate that a patient has a hip fracture? | show 🗑
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| show | AP pelvis
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| show | It covers anatomic structures of primary interest
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| Should a gonadal shield be used for a hip study on a young female? | show 🗑
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| Should a gonadal shield be used for a hip study on a young male? If yes describe how it should be placed on the patient. | show 🗑
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| show | It reduces patient dose approximately 30%
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| show | It reduces radiographic contrast
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| Which condition is a common clinical indication for performing pelvic and hip examinations on a pediatric (newborn) patient? | show 🗑
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| True/False: Geriatric patients are more prone to hip fractures because of their increased incidence of osteoporosis. | show 🗑
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| Which imaging modalities can be used on a newborn to assess hip joint stability during movement of the lower limb? | show 🗑
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| Which imaging modalities is most sensitive in diagnosing early signs of metastatic carcinoma of the pelvis? | show 🗑
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| show | Malignacy spread to bone via the circulatory and lymphatic systems or direct invasion
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| Ankylosing spondylitis | show 🗑
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| show | Now referred to as developmental dysplasia of the hip
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| Chondrosarcoma | show 🗑
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| show | Most common fracture in older patients because of high incidence of osteoporosis or avascular necrosis
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| show | A fracture resulting from a severe blow to one side of the pelvis
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| show | A degenerative joint disease
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| show | Compensating filter
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| show | CT
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| show | True. If an AP and lateral femur study is ordered, both joints must be demonstrated.
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| show | Midway between ASIS and symphysis pubis
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| Which ionization chamber(s) should be activated when using AEC for an AP pelvis projection? | show 🗑
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| show | Rotation towards the left side
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| show | Right rotation
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| Traumatic | show 🗑
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| Not traumatic | show 🗑
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| Which projection is recommended to demonstrate the superoposteriorwall of the acetabulum? | show 🗑
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| When gonadal shielding is not used, _____ receive a greater gonadal dose with an AP pelvis projection. | show 🗑
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| How many degrees are the femurs abducted (from the vertical plane) for the bilateral frog-leg projection? | show 🗑
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| show | Midfemoral neck
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| Which cassette size should be used for an adult bilateral frog-leg projection? | show 🗑
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| Where is the central ray placed for an AP bilateral frog-leg projection? | show 🗑
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| show | 30-45* cephalad
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| show | Acetabular fractures
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| show | 45*
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| What type of CR angle is used for a PA axial oblique (Teufel) projection? | show 🗑
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| show | PA 35-40* toward affected side
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| show | True
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| The axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection is designed for _______ (traumatic or nontraumatic) situations. | show 🗑
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| show | It is flexed and elevated to prevent it from being superimposed over the affected hip
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| show | Use of gonadal shielding
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| True/False: An AP pelvis projection using 90kV and 8 mAs results in a patient dose of approximately 30% less than a projection using 80kV and 12 mAs (for both males and females). | show 🗑
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| True/False: During an axiolateral projection of the hip, a male patient receives more than 20 times the gonadal dose than a female. | show 🗑
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| The modified axiolateral requires the CR to be angled _______* posteriorly from horizontal. | show 🗑
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| show | Posterior oblique projections of the acetabulum (Judet method) 0* (perpendicular)
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| What is the name of the special AP axial projection of the pelvis is used to assess trauma to pubic and ischial structures? | show 🗑
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| Judet | show 🗑
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| Taylor | show 🗑
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| Clements-Nakayama | show 🗑
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| Danelius-Miller | show 🗑
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| show | PA axial oblique for acetabulum
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| show | Bilateral or unilateral frog-leg
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| show | 20-30* from vertical
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| show | true
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| show | 15* from the vertical
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| show | False
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| AP Mid-Distal Femur | show 🗑
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| show | Have the patient lying on affected side; affected knee should be flexed about 45* with the femoral epicondlyes perpendicular to the IR. CR is perpendicular to mid femur. Femoral condyles superimposed; lateral view of distal femur
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| show | Patient supine with their MSP in alignment w/the center of table; check for rotaion making sure the ASISs are equal distances from tabletop; patient should rotate feet and legs internally 15-20* in order to place the femoral necks parallel to IR
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| AP pelvis | show 🗑
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| show | should demonstrate an AP projection of the pelvis including the head, neck, trochanters, and proximal third of the femurs; lesser trochanters should not be seen or barely visible on film
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| show | To check for rotation: obturator foramina and iliac wings should be symmetrical in appearance, if either is elongated, then the patient was rotated in that direction.
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| show | Patient should be placed supine, no rotation, MSP in alignment with the center of table; internally rotate affected foot and leg 15-20*. CR is perpendicular to femoral neck; 10X12 IR lengthwise; 40" SID.
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| AP Unilateral Projection (Affected Hip only) | show 🗑
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| show | Patient supine no rotation MSP to center of table have the patient flex their knees & draw their feet towards their body; w/the plantar surfaces of the feet together, the thighs should be abducted approx 45* from vertical; places femoral necks parallel IR
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| show | CR perpendicular to 1 and 1/2" superior to the symphysis pubis (level of femoral heads); 14X17 IR transverse; 40" SID
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| show | Should demonstrate the acetabulum, femoral neck and head, lesser trochanter seen on the medial side of the femur; femoral neck should have little superimposition of the greater trochanter
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| Unilateral Frog-leg (separate modification- Lauenstein/Hickey) | show 🗑
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| Unilateral Frog-leg (separate modificaion- Lauenstein/Hickey) | show 🗑
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| Axiolateral Inferosuperior (Danelius/Miller) | show 🗑
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| Axiolateral Inferosuperior (Danelius/Miller) | show 🗑
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| Axiolateral Inferosuperior (Danelius/Miller) | show 🗑
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| show | patient supine with affected side closest to edge of table; place the grid/IR at a level lower than hip and tilt the top backward approx 15*; the IR should be placed parallel to the femoral neck. CR 15* posteriorly to be perpendicular to femoral neck
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| Modified Axiolateral Inferosuperior (Clements/Nakayama) | show 🗑
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