Chapter 9 Rocks and Minerals
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| How many minerals have been identified? | 4,000
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| Name two properties to identify minerals: | cleavage, luster
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| metamorphic means what? | to change form
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| If rocks have visible layers, they are what? | foliated
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| What determines the size of minerals? | how fast or slow it cools
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| The rock cycle can be defined as: | continuous cycle
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| inorganic, solid materials found in nature are called what? | minerals
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| What forms when melted rock material from inside the earth cools? | igneous rock
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| The remains or trace of a once-living plant or animal is called what? | fossil
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| What determines the hardness of a rock? | Mohs scale
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| What is the difference between Cleavage & fracture? | Cleavage has a smooth break
Fracture has a hard brake
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| Inorganic solid material with a particular chemical makeup and orderly arrangement of atoms | minerals
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| Rocks are usually composed of two or more ________. | minerals
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| Minerals from ________ or lava or through evaporation or precipitation. | magma
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| Mineral formation clues include ______ and how mineral crystals fit together. | size
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| Properties - characteristics used to ________ minerals | identify
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| solid materials with repeating pattern of atoms are called _____ | crystals
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| some minerals have ______, splitting into thin sheets | cleavage
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| other minerals have ______, breaking into rough edges | fracture
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| Color or _______ (color of a powdered mineral) helps identify minerals. | streak
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| _____ describes how light reflects from a mineral's surface> | luster
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| Mohs scale uses _______ to classify minerals from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) | hardness
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| _________ - compares weight of mineral with weight of an equal volume of water. | specific gravity
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| Other properties of minerals include _______, double refraction, taste, or reactions with acid. | magnetism
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| Common minerals - most rock-forming minerals are ______ or ______ | silicates
carbonates
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| Rare minerals which can be cut and polished are______ | gems
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| Diamonds are produced under ______ beneath Earth's surface and brought to the surface by special volcanic eruptions. | temperature and pressure
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| An _____ contains enough useful mineral to be sold at a profit. | ores
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| Ores must be _______ to extract the mineral. | smelted
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| _____ - form from melted rock that cools | igneous rock
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| ______ igneous rocks form when melted rock cools on Earth's surface. | extrusive
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| _____ igneous rock forms when melted rock cools beneath Earth's surface. | intrusive
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| Light-colored often intrusive igneous rocks containing a high percentage of silica are called____. | grantic
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| Dark-colored often extrusive igneous rocks containing iron, magnesium, or calcium are called _____. | basaltic
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| _____ is melted rock that reaches Earth's surface and forms extrusive igneous rock when it cools. | lava
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| _____ can erupt, bringing a lava flow to Earth's surface. | volcanoes
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| Large cracks or ______ can allow melted rock to ooze out in a lava flow. | fissures
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| _____ is melted rock that does not reach Earth's surface; intrusive igneous rocks form as magma slowly cools under the surface. | magma
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| Crystal _______ is the main difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rock. | size
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| _____ igneous rocks have large crystals. | intrusive
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| _____ igneous rocks do not have large crystals. | extrusive
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| ______ rocks form in layers from broken rock, shells, plants, and other materials. | sedimentary
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| ______ rocks - made of grains from minerals or other rocks that have been compressed. | detrital
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| _____ rocks - form when mineral-rich water evaporates and from other chemical processes | chemical
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| _____ rocks - form from dead plants and animals that have been compressed. | organic
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| If the rock is produced from layers of plants, it is called _____. | coal
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| If the rock is produced from organic sediment in the ______, it is usually classified as limestone. | ocean
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| Chalk is a kind of limestone made from the _______ of tiny animals and algae. | fossils
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| Time, _______, and heat, and events such as erosion and moving land masses, make new rocks out of old rocks. | pressure
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| _______ - form when existing rocks are heated or squeezed; they recrystallize and might change chemically. | metamorphic rock
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| Rocks having visible layers or elongated mineral grains are called_____ rocks. | foliated
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| ________ rocks do not have layers or bands. | nonfoliated
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| _______ - rocks change from one type to another over millions of years. | rock cycle
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| The model, or ______, shows each rock on a continuing journey. | cycle diagram
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| A rock in ______ part of the cycle could become any other kind of rock. | magma
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| When do metamorphic rocks form? | when heat & pressure change rocks
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| What must be true for a substance to be considered a mineral? | it must be naturally occurring.
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| What kind of rocks are produced by volcanic eruptions? | extrusive
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| What is true about how all detrital rocks form? | form from grains of preexisting rocks
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| What are rocks usually composed of? | minerals
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| How can sedimentary rocks be classified? | detrital, chemical, or organic
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| What is true of all minerals? | they are inorganic solids
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