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5010 Midterm - Theories

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Psychoanalytic Therapy   Human being are basically determined by psychic energy and be early experiences  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Irrational forces are strong; the person is driven by sexual and aggressive impulses  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Normal personality development is based on successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Goal is to make the unconscious conscious  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Goal is to reconstruct the basic personality  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Goal is to assist clients in reliving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Goal is to achieve intellectual and emotional awareness  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst   Relationship remains anonymous and clients develop projections towards him/her  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst   Relationship focus is on reducing the resistances that develop in working with transference and on establishing rational control  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst   Clients undergo long-term analysis, engage in free association to uncover conflicts, and gain insight by talking  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst   Analyst makes interpretations to teach clients the meaning of current behavior as it relates to the past  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy, Contemporary Relational Psychoanalytic Therapy   Relationship is central and emphasis is given to here-and-now dimensions of relationship  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference and understanding countertransference  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious conflicts, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new material by the ego  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Candidates include professionals who want to become therapists, people who have had intensive therapy and want to go further, and those who are in psychological pain  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Not recommended for self-centered and impulsive individuals or for people with psychotic disorders  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Can be applied to individual and group therapy  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Focus on family dynamics is appropriate for working with many cultural groups  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Therapist's formality appeals to clients who expect professional distance  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Notion of ego defense is helpful in understanding inner dynamics and dealing with environmental stresses  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Focus on insight, intrapyschic dynamics, and long-term treatment is often not valued by clients who prefer to learn coping skills for dealing with pressing daily concerns  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Internal focus is often in conflict with cultural values that stress an interpersonal and environmental focus  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Generated controversy and exploration; stimulated further thinking and development of therapy  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Provided a detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Brought into prominence factors such as the unconscious as a determinant of behavior and the role of trauma during the first 6 years of life  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Developed several techniques for tapping the unconscious and shed light on the dynamics of transference, countertransference, resistance, anxiety, and the mechanisms of ego defense.  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Requires lengthy training for therapists and time/expense for clients  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Methods are less applicable for solving specific daily life problems and may not be appropriate for some ethnic/cultural group  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Many clients lack the degree of ego strength needed for regressive and reconstructive therapy  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   May be inappropriate for certain counseling settings  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   The goal of much of life is to gain pleasure and avoid pain  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   “life instincts” serve the purpose of survival and include all pleasurable acts  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   Unconscious is inferred from behavior and stores experiences, memories, and repressed material  
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Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious   Dreams representation needs, wishes and conflicts  
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Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious   Slips of the tongue and forgetting  
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Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious   Posthypnotic suggestions  
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Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious   Material derived from free-association techniques  
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Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious   Material derived from projective techniques  
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Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious   Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms  
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Classical psychoanalysis   free association and laying on a couch  
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Contemporary psychoanalysis   Therapist does not strive for detached and objective stance  
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Contemporary psychoanalysis   Highlights the importance of therapeutic relationship in bringing about change  
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Classic Psychoanalysis   Blank screen approach, analysts take an anonymous stance  
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Classic Psychoanalysis   they engage is very little self-disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship so clients will make projections onto them  
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Psychoanalytic Therapy   central function of analyst is to teach clients the meaning of these processes (through interpretation) so that they are able to achieve insight into their problems, increase their awareness of ways to change and thus gain more control over their lives  
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Relational Psychoanalytic Therapy   regards transference as being an interactive process between the client the therapist  
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Psychodynamic Therapy   Geared more to limited objectives than to restructuring one’s personality  
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Psychodynamic Therapy   Less likely to use a couch  
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Psychodynamic Therapy   Fewer sessions each week  
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Psychodynamic Therapy   Frequent use of supportive interventions(reassurance, expressions of empathy, etc) and more self-disclosure by therapist  
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Psychodynamic Therapy   Focus is on pressing practical concerns  
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Classical psychoanalysis   grounded on id psychology  
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Classical psychoanalysis   instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development  
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Contemporary psychoanalysis   based on ego psychology  
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Contemporary psychoanalysis   does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflict but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the life span  
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Jung’s Analytical Psychology   Elaborate explanation of human nature the combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion  
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Jung’s Analytical Psychology   we are shaped not only from our past, but from our aspirations of the future as well  
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Contemporary Trends   Rooted in traumas and development disturbances during the separation-individuation phase  
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Jung Psychoanalytic Therapy   less deterministic and focused on midlife  
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Contemporary Psychoanalytic Therapy   less authoritarian, less adherent to objective "truth", more developmental/social  
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Adlerian Therapy   humans are motivated by social interest, by striving towards goals, by inferiority and superiority, and by dealing with tasks of life.  
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Adlerian Therapy   emphasis is on the individual’s positive capacities to live in society cooperatively  
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Adlerian Therapy   people have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events  
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Adlerian Therapy   each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life  
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Existential Therapy   central focus is on the nature of the human condition  
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Existential Therapy   capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one’s fate , and taking responsibility  
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Existential Therapy   includes anxiety, the search for meaning, and being alone  
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Existential Therapy   striving for authenticity and being in relations with others  
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Person-centered Therapy   view of humans in positive, we have an inclination towards becoming fully functioning  
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Person-centered Therapy   client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness in therapy  
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Person-centered Therapy   client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness  
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Gestalt Therapy   person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling and behaving  
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Gestalt Therapy   key concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries, and awareness  
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Gestalt Therapy   view is nondeterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties  
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Gestalt Therapy   an experiential approach  
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Gestalt Therapy   grounded in the here and now  
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Gestalt Therapy   emphasizes awareness, personal choice, and responsibility  
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Person-centered Therapy   client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve them  
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Person-centered Therapy   faith is placed in the client’s capacity for self-direction  
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Person-centered Therapy   mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self  
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Person-centered Therapy   maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is  
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Person-centered Therapy   attention in therapy is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings  
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Gestalt Therapy   emphasis is on the “what” and “how” of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept all aspects of themselves  
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Gestalt Therapy   key concepts include holism and awareness  
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Gestalt Therapy   key concepts include figure-formation, contact and energy  
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Gestalt Therapy   key concepts include unfinished business and avoidance  
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Adlerian Therapy   key concepts include unity of personality and the need to view people from their subjective perspective  
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Adlerian Therapy   key concepts include the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior  
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Adlerian Therapy   people are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning  
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Adlerian Therapy   key concepts include striving for significance and superiority  
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Adlerian Therapy   key concepts include developing a unique lifestyle and understanding the family constellation  
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Adlerian Therapy   therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective and behavior  
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Existential Therapy   an experiential approach rather than a firm theoretical model  
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Existential Therapy   stresses the human condition  
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Existential Therapy   personality development is based on the uniqueness of each individual  
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Existential Therapy   sense of self develops from infancy  
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Existential Therapy   interest is on the present and on what one is becoming  
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Existential Therapy   approach has a future orientation and stresses self-awareness before action  
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Adlerian Therapy   goal to challenge clients’ basic premises and life goals  
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Adlerian Therapy   goal to offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals and increase social interest  
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Adlerian Therapy   goal to develop client’s sense of belonging  
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Existential Therapy   goal to help people see that they are free to become aware of their possibilities  
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Existential Therapy   goal to challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them  
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Existential Therapy   goal to identify factors that block freedom  
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Person-centered Therapy   goal to provide a safe climate conducive to clients’ self-exploration, so they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted  
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Person-centered Therapy   goal to enable clients to move towards openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness  
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Person-centered Therapy   goal to find meaning in life and to experience life fully  
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Person-centered Therapy   goal to become more self-directed  
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Gestalt Therapy   goal to assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing  
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Gestalt Therapy   goal to assist clients to expand the capacity to make choices  
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Gestalt Therapy   goal to foster integration of the self  
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Adlerian Therapy   emphasis is on joint responsibility, on mutually determining goals, and mutual trust and respect, and on equality  
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Adlerian Therapy   focus is on identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions within the person’s lifestyle  
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Existential Therapy   therapist’s main tasks are to accurately grasp clients’ being in the world and to establish a personal and authentic encounter with them  
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Existential Therapy   immediacy of the client-therapist relationship and the authenticity of the here and now encounter are stressed  
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Existential Therapy   both client and therapist can be changed by the encounter  
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Person-centered Therapy   therapeutic relationship is of primary importance  
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Person-centered Therapy   qualities of therapist include genuineness, warmth, accurate empathy, respect, and nonjudgmentalness  
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Person-centered Therapy   clients use genuine relationship with therapist to help them transfer what they learn to other relationships  
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Gestalt Therapy   central importance is given to I/Thou relationship and the quality of the therapist’s presence  
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Gestalt Therapy   therapist’s attitudes and behavior count more than the techniques used  
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Gestalt Therapy   therapist does not interpret for clients but assist them in developing the means to make their own interpretations  
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Gestalt Therapy   clients identify and work on unfinished business from the past that interferes with current functioning  
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Adlerian Therapy   pays more attention to the subjective experiences of clients than to using techniques  
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Adlerian Therapy   techniques include gathering life-history, sharing interpretations with clients and assisting clients search for new possibilities  
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Existential Therapy   stresses understanding first and techniques second  
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Existential Therapy   therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches  
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Existential Therapy   diagnosis, testing, and external measurements are not deemed important  
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Existential Therapy   issues addressed are freedom and responsibility, isolation and relationships, meaning and meaninglessness  
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Person-centered Therapy   approach uses few techniques but stresses the attitudes of the therapist and a way of being  
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Person-centered Therapy   therapists strive for active listening, reflection of feelings, clarification, and being there for the client  
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Person-centered Therapy   does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history, or questioning/probing for information  
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Gestalt Therapy   wide range of experiments are designed to intensify experiencing and to integrate conflicting feelings  
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Gestalt Therapy   experiments are co-created by therapist and client through an I/Thou dialogue  
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Gestalt Therapy   therapists have latitude to creatively invent their own experiments  
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Gestalt Therapy   formal diagnosis and testing are not a required part of therapy  
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Adlerian Therapy   applicable to parent-child counseling, couples and families, individual (all ages), correctional, rehab, group, substance abuse, and brief counseling  
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Adlerian Therapy   ideally suited to preventive care and alleviating a broad range of conditions that interfere with growth  
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Existential Therapy   suited to people facing a developmental crisis or a transition in life or those seeking personal enhancement  
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Existential Therapy   suited for people making choices, dealing with freedom/responsibility, coping with guilt and anxiety, making sense of life, and finding values  
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Existential Therapy   applied to both individual and group counseling, couples, families, crisis intervention, community mental health work  
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Person-centered Therapy   wide applicability to individual and groups  
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Person-centered Therapy   well suited for initial phases of crisis intervention work  
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Person-centered Therapy   applied to couple, families, community programs, admin/mgmt, and human relations  
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Person-centered Therapy   useful approach for teaching, parent-child relations and working with diverse cultural groups  
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Gestalt Therapy   useful for crisis intervention, treatment of psychosomatic disorders, couples, families, awareness training of mental health professionals, behavior problems in children, individuals and groups  
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Gestalt Therapy   methods are powerful catalysts for opening up feelings and getting clients into contact with their present-centered experience  
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Adlerian Therapy   focuses on social interest, helping others, collectivism, pursuing meaning of life, importance of family, goal orientation, and belonging is congruent with values of many cultures  
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Adlerian Therapy   focus on person in the environment allows for cultural factors to be explored  
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Existential Therapy   focus is on understanding client’s phenomenological world, including cultural background  
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Existential Therapy   leads to empowerment in an oppressive society  
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Existential Therapy   can help clients examine their options for change within the context of their cultural realities  
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Existential Therapy   suited to counseling diverse clients due to philosophical foundation emphasizing the human condition  
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Person-centered Therapy   focus is on breaking cultural barriers and facilitating open dialogue among diverse cultural populations  
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Person-centered Therapy   main strengths are respect for clients’ values, active listening, welcoming of differences, nonjudgemental attitude, understanding, willingness to allow clients to determine what will be explored in sessions and prizing cultural plurism  
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Gestalt Therapy   focus on expressing oneself nonverbally is congruent with cultures that look beyond words for messages  
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Gestalt Therapy   provides many experiments in working with clients who have cultural injunctions against freely expressing feelings  
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Gestalt Therapy   can help to overcome language barrier with bilingual clients  
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Gestalt Therapy   focus on bodily expressions is subtle way to helps clients recognize conflicts  
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Adlerian Therapy   approach’s detailed interview about one’s family background can conflict with cultures that have injunctions against disclosing family matters  
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Adlerian Therapy   some clients view the counselor as an authority who will provide answers to problems, which conflicts with egalitarian, person-to-person spirit as a way to reduce social distance  
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Existential Therapy   values of individuality, freedom, autonomy and self-realization often conflict with cultural values of collectivism, respect for tradition, deference to authority, and interdependence  
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Existential Therapy   some multicultural clients may be deterred by the absence of specific techniques  
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Person-centered Therapy   some of the core values in this approach may not be congruent with the client’s culture  
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Person-centered Therapy   lack of counselor direction and structure are unacceptable for multicultural clients who are seeking help and immediate answers from a professional  
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Gestalt Therapy   clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved may no embrace this approach  
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Gestalt Therapy   some multicultural clients may not see how being aware of the present experience will lead to solving their problems  
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Adlerian Therapy   key contributions is the influence on other systems and the integration of these concepts into various contemporary therapies  
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Adlerian Therapy   one of the first approaches to therapy that was humanistic, unified, holistic, and goal-oriented that put an emphasis on social and psychological factors  
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Existential Therapy   major contribution is recognition of the need for subjective approach based on a complete view of the human condition  
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Existential Therapy   calls attention to the need for philosophical statement on what it means to be a person  
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Existential Therapy   stress on the I/Thou relationship lessens the chances of dehumanizing therapy  
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Existential Therapy   provides a perspective for understanding anxiety, guilt, freedom, death, isolation, and commitment  
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Person-centered Therapy   clients take an active stance and assume responsibility for the direction of therapy  
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Person-centered Therapy   unique approach has been subjected to empirical testing and as a result both theory and methods have been modified  
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Person-centered Therapy   an open system  
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Person-centered Therapy   people without advanced training can benefit by translating the therapeutic conditions to both their personal and professional lives  
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Person-centered Therapy   basic concepts are straightforward and easy to grasp and apply  
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Person-centered Therapy   foundation for building a trusting relationship, applicable to all therapies  
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Gestalt Therapy   emphasis of direct experiencing and doing rather than on merely talking about feelings provides a perspective on growth and enhancement, not merely a treatment of disorders  
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Gestalt Therapy   uses clients’ behavior as the basis for making them aware of their inner creative potential  
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Gestalt Therapy   approach to dreams is unique, creative tool to help clients discover basic conflicts  
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Gestalt Therapy   viewed as an existential encounter  
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Gestalt Therapy   process-oriented, not technique oriented  
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Gestalt Therapy   recognizes nonverbal behavior as a key to understanding  
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Adlerian Therapy   weak in terms of precision, testability, and empirical validity  
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Adlerian Therapy   few attempts have been made to validate the basic concepts by scientific methods  
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Adlerian Therapy   tends to oversimplify some complex human problems and is based heavily on common sense  
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Existential Therapy   many basic concepts are fuzzy and ill-defined, making its general framework abstract at times  
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Existential Therapy   lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices of therapy  
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Existential Therapy   has limited applicability to lower functioning and nonverbal clients and to clients in extreme crisis who need direction  
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Person-centered Therapy   possible danger from the therapist who remains passive and inactive, limiting responses to reflection  
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Person-centered Therapy   many clients feels a need for greater direction, more structure, and more techniques  
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Person-centered Therapy   clients in crisis may need more directive measures  
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Person-centered Therapy   applied to individual counseling, some cultural groups will expect more counselor activity  
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Gestalt Therapy   techniques lead to intense emotional expression; if these feeling are not explored and if cognitive work is not done, clients are likely to be left unfinished and will not have a sense of integration of their learning  
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Gestalt Therapy   clients who have difficulty using imagination may not profit from experiments  
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Adlerian Therapy   does tend to focus of the self which may be problematic for collectivistic members  
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Adlerian Therapy   some clients with pressing problems are hesitant to discuss other areas that they don’t see as being connected to their issue  
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Adlerian Therapy   Moved away from Freud’s deterministic point of view and towards social-psychological and teleological (goal-oriented) view of nature – nurture is more significant that nature  
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Adlerian Therapy   Where we are going is more important than where we came from  
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Adlerian Therapy   We create ourselves rather than merely being shaped by our childhood experiences  
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Adlerian Therapy   incorporates unity of personality – people can only be understood as integrated and complete beings  
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Adlerian Therapy   The individual begins to form an approach to life somewhere in the first 6 years of age  
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Adlerian Therapy   Humans are motivated primarily by social relatedness rather than by sexual urges  
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Adlerian Therapy   the conscious is the focus of therapy  
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Adlerian Therapy   Feelings of inferiority are normal and can be the wellspring of creativity, motivating us  
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Adlerian Therapy   the first systematic approach – important to understand people within the systems they live in  
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Adlerian Therapy   Dreams are a rehearsal of possible future courses of action  
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Adlerian Therapy   Encouragement is central to all phases of counseling and suited to brief time limited therapy  
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Adlerian Therapy   Very influential on other therapy systems and theories  
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Adlerian Therapy   understanding the whole person; holistic concept that we cannot be understood in parts  
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Adlerian Therapy   Experiences don’t define our personalities; the interpretation of experience does  
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Adlerian Therapy   Community feeling embodies the feeling of being connected to all of humanity – past, present and future – and to being involved in making the world a better place  
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Adlerian Therapy   We must master three universal life tasks: building friendships (social), establishing intimacy (love), and contributing to society (occupational)  
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Adlerian Therapy   Dreikurs and Mosak added getting along with ourselves (self-acceptance) and developing our spiritual dimension  
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Adlerian Therapy   holistic lifestyle assessment and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions  
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Adlerian Therapy   Develop the client’s sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors that match community interest  
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Adlerian Therapy   Client’s problem arise because the conclusions based on their private logic often do not conform to the requirements of social living  
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Adlerian Therapy   Purpose of therapy is to identify basic mistakes – learning how to correct faulty assumptions is central  
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Adlerian Therapy   Client relationship is egalitarian based on cooperation, mutual trust, respect, confidence and goal alignment  
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Person-centered therapy   Immediacy (addressing what is going on between client and therapist) is highly valued  
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Person-centered therapy   Cognitive behavioral tasks occur naturally using this approach  
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Person-centered therapy   High level of therapist self-development is not required  
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Person-centered therapy   Assessment is frequently viewed as a prerequisite to the treatment process  
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Person-centered therapy   Works with anxiety disorders, alcoholism, psychosomatic problems, agoraphobia, interpersonal difficulties, depression, cancer, and personality disorders  
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Person-centered therapy   Works well in crisis intervention (unwanted pregnancy, illness, disastrous event or loss of loved one)  
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Person-centered therapy   In groups, therapists should avoid making interpretative comments because it makes the group self-conscious and slows the process down  
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Person-centered therapy   goals are towards the client achieving a greater degree of independence and integration  
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Existential Theory   is a philosophical approach that influences a counselor’s therapeutic practice  
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Existential Theory   grounded on the assumption that we are free and responsible for our choices and actions  
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Existential Theory   rejects deterministic views  
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Existential Theory   we are not passive victims, we are the architects of our lives  
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Existential Theory   seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and the possibilities and opportunities of human life on the other hand.  
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Existential Therapy   Understanding the client’s subjective world  
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Existential Therapy   Invites clients to accept personal responsibility  
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Existential Therapy   If clients blame others, therapist is likely to ask them how they contributed to the situation  
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Existential Therapy   Assist clients to see the ways in which they constrict their awareness and the cost of such a restricted existence  
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Existential Therapy   Getting a stuck person moving again while getting them to take ownership of their lives  
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Existential Therapy   Core of client/therapist relationship is respect and the faith by the therapist in the client’s ability to cope authentically with their troubles and their ability to discover alternative ways of being  
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Existential therapy   when applied to brief therapy may work if beneficial outcomes are likely which may or may not occur depending on what needs to be resolved.  
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Existential Therapy   Fails to recognize social factors that cause human problems  
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Existential Therapy   Some clients see little hope that external realities of racism, discrimination, and oppression will change even if they change internally which leads them to experience a deep sense of frustration and feelings of powerlessness  
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Existential Therapy   Important to recognize survival issues  
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Existential Therapy   In many cultures it is not possible to talk about self and self-determination apart from the context of social network and environmental conditions  
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Existential Therapy   Client is responsible for the direction of therapy which may not be suitable for some clients  
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Existential Therapy   Lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices  
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Existential Therapy   Difficult to study and apply research  
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Existential Therapy   practitioners reject the idea that the process can be measured and evaluated in quantitative and empirical ways  
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Existential Therapy   hard to measure because it makes use of techniques from other theories  
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Existential Therapy   High level of maturity, life experience, and intensive training is required of practitioners  
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Existential Therapy   Goal is moving towards authenticity and learning to recognize when they are deceiving themselves  
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Existential Therapy   it is a very deep approach and can take a while  
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Existential Therapy   increased awareness is central role  
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Gestalt Therapy   existential, phenomenological, and process based  
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Gestalt Therapy   Understood in the context of the ongoing relationship with the environment  
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Gestalt Therapy   Initial goal is to gain awareness and change will occur  
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Gestalt Therapy   Focuses on here and now, the what and how, and the I/Thou of relating  
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Gestalt Therapy   Clients are expected to do their own seeing, feeling, sensing, and interpreting  
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Gestalt Therapy   Clients have the ability to self-regulate when they are aware of what is happening around them  
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Gestalt Therapy   Growth occurs out of genuine contact between client and therapist  
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Gestalt Therapy   Unification process of reowning parts of oneself that have been disowned proceed step by step until clients are strong enough to carry it on their own  
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Gestalt Therapy   The more we work at becoming who or what we are not, the more we remain the same –authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not  
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Relational Gestalt Therapy   stresses dialogue and relationship between client and therapist  
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Relational Gestalt Therapy   More support and increased kindness and compassion  
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Gestalt Therapy   works with culturally diverse populations if timed appropriately and used flexibly  
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Gestalt Therapy   cultural clients might benefit from integrating polarities within themselves.  
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Gestalt Therapy   Clear limitations with those clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved  
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Gestalt Therapy   Does not place a premium on the role of the therapist as teacher  
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Gestalt Therapy   Therapist must have a high level of personal development  
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Gestalt Therapy   Therapist need to possess sensitivity, timing, inventiveness, empathy and respect for client  
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Contemporary Gestalt Therapy   place less emphasis on resistance than early versions of because the terms are not congruent with the theory and practice  
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Gestalt Therapy   all about observing what is happening versus making things happen  
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Adlerian therapy   Stresses assuming responsibility, creating one’s own destiny, finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life  
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Existential, Person-Centered, and Gestalt Therapy   Experimental and Relationship-oriented therapies  
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Existential Therapy   Reacting against tendency to view therapy as system of well-defined techniques  
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Existential Therapy   Focuses on the quality of person-to-person therapeutic relationship  
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Existential Therapy   Stresses the divergent methods of understanding the subjective world of a person  
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Person-centered Therapy   Quality of the client-therapist relationship is prime determinant of therapeutic outcome  
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Person-centered Therapy   Developed as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis  
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Person-centered Therapy   assumes that clients have the capacity for self-direction without active therapist’s intervention or direction  
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Gestalt therapy   Therapists take an active role, yet follow the lead provided by clients  
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Person-Centered Therapy   Clients come to recognize that they have lost contact with themselves by using facades  
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Gestalt Therapy   The past will make regular appearances in the present moment, usually because of some lack of completion of that past experience  
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Gestalt Therapy   Important to pay attention to body language and to speaking habits and language patterns  
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Gestalt Therapy   Not focused on predetermined goals but attending to the basic goal of gaining greater awareness and with it, greater choice  
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Gestalt Therapy   Therapists share their personal experiences in relevant and appropriate ways; they do not manipulate clients  
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Gestalt Therapy   Confrontation is used at times but does not have to be viewed as a harsh attack; it can be done is ways that clients are invited to examine their behaviors, attitudes, and thoughts  
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