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Midterm Theories
5010 Midterm - Theories
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Human being are basically determined by psychic energy and be early experiences |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Irrational forces are strong; the person is driven by sexual and aggressive impulses |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Normal personality development is based on successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Goal is to make the unconscious conscious |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Goal is to reconstruct the basic personality |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Goal is to assist clients in reliving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Goal is to achieve intellectual and emotional awareness |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst | Relationship remains anonymous and clients develop projections towards him/her |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst | Relationship focus is on reducing the resistances that develop in working with transference and on establishing rational control |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst | Clients undergo long-term analysis, engage in free association to uncover conflicts, and gain insight by talking |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst | Analyst makes interpretations to teach clients the meaning of current behavior as it relates to the past |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy, Contemporary Relational Psychoanalytic Therapy | Relationship is central and emphasis is given to here-and-now dimensions of relationship |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference and understanding countertransference |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious conflicts, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new material by the ego |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Candidates include professionals who want to become therapists, people who have had intensive therapy and want to go further, and those who are in psychological pain |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Not recommended for self-centered and impulsive individuals or for people with psychotic disorders |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Can be applied to individual and group therapy |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Focus on family dynamics is appropriate for working with many cultural groups |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Therapist's formality appeals to clients who expect professional distance |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Notion of ego defense is helpful in understanding inner dynamics and dealing with environmental stresses |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Focus on insight, intrapyschic dynamics, and long-term treatment is often not valued by clients who prefer to learn coping skills for dealing with pressing daily concerns |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Internal focus is often in conflict with cultural values that stress an interpersonal and environmental focus |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Generated controversy and exploration; stimulated further thinking and development of therapy |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Provided a detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Brought into prominence factors such as the unconscious as a determinant of behavior and the role of trauma during the first 6 years of life |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Developed several techniques for tapping the unconscious and shed light on the dynamics of transference, countertransference, resistance, anxiety, and the mechanisms of ego defense. |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Requires lengthy training for therapists and time/expense for clients |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Methods are less applicable for solving specific daily life problems and may not be appropriate for some ethnic/cultural group |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Many clients lack the degree of ego strength needed for regressive and reconstructive therapy |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | May be inappropriate for certain counseling settings |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | The goal of much of life is to gain pleasure and avoid pain |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | “life instincts” serve the purpose of survival and include all pleasurable acts |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Unconscious is inferred from behavior and stores experiences, memories, and repressed material |
| Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious | Dreams representation needs, wishes and conflicts |
| Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious | Slips of the tongue and forgetting |
| Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious | Posthypnotic suggestions |
| Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious | Material derived from free-association techniques |
| Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious | Material derived from projective techniques |
| Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious | Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms |
| Classical psychoanalysis | free association and laying on a couch |
| Contemporary psychoanalysis | Therapist does not strive for detached and objective stance |
| Contemporary psychoanalysis | Highlights the importance of therapeutic relationship in bringing about change |
| Classic Psychoanalysis | Blank screen approach, analysts take an anonymous stance |
| Classic Psychoanalysis | they engage is very little self-disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship so clients will make projections onto them |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | central function of analyst is to teach clients the meaning of these processes (through interpretation) so that they are able to achieve insight into their problems, increase their awareness of ways to change and thus gain more control over their lives |
| Relational Psychoanalytic Therapy | regards transference as being an interactive process between the client the therapist |
| Psychodynamic Therapy | Geared more to limited objectives than to restructuring one’s personality |
| Psychodynamic Therapy | Less likely to use a couch |
| Psychodynamic Therapy | Fewer sessions each week |
| Psychodynamic Therapy | Frequent use of supportive interventions(reassurance, expressions of empathy, etc) and more self-disclosure by therapist |
| Psychodynamic Therapy | Focus is on pressing practical concerns |
| Classical psychoanalysis | grounded on id psychology |
| Classical psychoanalysis | instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development |
| Contemporary psychoanalysis | based on ego psychology |
| Contemporary psychoanalysis | does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflict but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the life span |
| Jung’s Analytical Psychology | Elaborate explanation of human nature the combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion |
| Jung’s Analytical Psychology | we are shaped not only from our past, but from our aspirations of the future as well |
| Contemporary Trends | Rooted in traumas and development disturbances during the separation-individuation phase |
| Jung Psychoanalytic Therapy | less deterministic and focused on midlife |
| Contemporary Psychoanalytic Therapy | less authoritarian, less adherent to objective "truth", more developmental/social |
| Adlerian Therapy | humans are motivated by social interest, by striving towards goals, by inferiority and superiority, and by dealing with tasks of life. |
| Adlerian Therapy | emphasis is on the individual’s positive capacities to live in society cooperatively |
| Adlerian Therapy | people have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events |
| Adlerian Therapy | each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life |
| Existential Therapy | central focus is on the nature of the human condition |
| Existential Therapy | capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one’s fate , and taking responsibility |
| Existential Therapy | includes anxiety, the search for meaning, and being alone |
| Existential Therapy | striving for authenticity and being in relations with others |
| Person-centered Therapy | view of humans in positive, we have an inclination towards becoming fully functioning |
| Person-centered Therapy | client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness in therapy |
| Person-centered Therapy | client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness |
| Gestalt Therapy | person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling and behaving |
| Gestalt Therapy | key concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries, and awareness |
| Gestalt Therapy | view is nondeterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties |
| Gestalt Therapy | an experiential approach |
| Gestalt Therapy | grounded in the here and now |
| Gestalt Therapy | emphasizes awareness, personal choice, and responsibility |
| Person-centered Therapy | client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve them |
| Person-centered Therapy | faith is placed in the client’s capacity for self-direction |
| Person-centered Therapy | mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self |
| Person-centered Therapy | maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is |
| Person-centered Therapy | attention in therapy is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings |
| Gestalt Therapy | emphasis is on the “what” and “how” of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept all aspects of themselves |
| Gestalt Therapy | key concepts include holism and awareness |
| Gestalt Therapy | key concepts include figure-formation, contact and energy |
| Gestalt Therapy | key concepts include unfinished business and avoidance |
| Adlerian Therapy | key concepts include unity of personality and the need to view people from their subjective perspective |
| Adlerian Therapy | key concepts include the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior |
| Adlerian Therapy | people are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning |
| Adlerian Therapy | key concepts include striving for significance and superiority |
| Adlerian Therapy | key concepts include developing a unique lifestyle and understanding the family constellation |
| Adlerian Therapy | therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective and behavior |
| Existential Therapy | an experiential approach rather than a firm theoretical model |
| Existential Therapy | stresses the human condition |
| Existential Therapy | personality development is based on the uniqueness of each individual |
| Existential Therapy | sense of self develops from infancy |
| Existential Therapy | interest is on the present and on what one is becoming |
| Existential Therapy | approach has a future orientation and stresses self-awareness before action |
| Adlerian Therapy | goal to challenge clients’ basic premises and life goals |
| Adlerian Therapy | goal to offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals and increase social interest |
| Adlerian Therapy | goal to develop client’s sense of belonging |
| Existential Therapy | goal to help people see that they are free to become aware of their possibilities |
| Existential Therapy | goal to challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them |
| Existential Therapy | goal to identify factors that block freedom |
| Person-centered Therapy | goal to provide a safe climate conducive to clients’ self-exploration, so they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted |
| Person-centered Therapy | goal to enable clients to move towards openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness |
| Person-centered Therapy | goal to find meaning in life and to experience life fully |
| Person-centered Therapy | goal to become more self-directed |
| Gestalt Therapy | goal to assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing |
| Gestalt Therapy | goal to assist clients to expand the capacity to make choices |
| Gestalt Therapy | goal to foster integration of the self |
| Adlerian Therapy | emphasis is on joint responsibility, on mutually determining goals, and mutual trust and respect, and on equality |
| Adlerian Therapy | focus is on identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions within the person’s lifestyle |
| Existential Therapy | therapist’s main tasks are to accurately grasp clients’ being in the world and to establish a personal and authentic encounter with them |
| Existential Therapy | immediacy of the client-therapist relationship and the authenticity of the here and now encounter are stressed |
| Existential Therapy | both client and therapist can be changed by the encounter |
| Person-centered Therapy | therapeutic relationship is of primary importance |
| Person-centered Therapy | qualities of therapist include genuineness, warmth, accurate empathy, respect, and nonjudgmentalness |
| Person-centered Therapy | clients use genuine relationship with therapist to help them transfer what they learn to other relationships |
| Gestalt Therapy | central importance is given to I/Thou relationship and the quality of the therapist’s presence |
| Gestalt Therapy | therapist’s attitudes and behavior count more than the techniques used |
| Gestalt Therapy | therapist does not interpret for clients but assist them in developing the means to make their own interpretations |
| Gestalt Therapy | clients identify and work on unfinished business from the past that interferes with current functioning |
| Adlerian Therapy | pays more attention to the subjective experiences of clients than to using techniques |
| Adlerian Therapy | techniques include gathering life-history, sharing interpretations with clients and assisting clients search for new possibilities |
| Existential Therapy | stresses understanding first and techniques second |
| Existential Therapy | therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches |
| Existential Therapy | diagnosis, testing, and external measurements are not deemed important |
| Existential Therapy | issues addressed are freedom and responsibility, isolation and relationships, meaning and meaninglessness |
| Person-centered Therapy | approach uses few techniques but stresses the attitudes of the therapist and a way of being |
| Person-centered Therapy | therapists strive for active listening, reflection of feelings, clarification, and being there for the client |
| Person-centered Therapy | does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history, or questioning/probing for information |
| Gestalt Therapy | wide range of experiments are designed to intensify experiencing and to integrate conflicting feelings |
| Gestalt Therapy | experiments are co-created by therapist and client through an I/Thou dialogue |
| Gestalt Therapy | therapists have latitude to creatively invent their own experiments |
| Gestalt Therapy | formal diagnosis and testing are not a required part of therapy |
| Adlerian Therapy | applicable to parent-child counseling, couples and families, individual (all ages), correctional, rehab, group, substance abuse, and brief counseling |
| Adlerian Therapy | ideally suited to preventive care and alleviating a broad range of conditions that interfere with growth |
| Existential Therapy | suited to people facing a developmental crisis or a transition in life or those seeking personal enhancement |
| Existential Therapy | suited for people making choices, dealing with freedom/responsibility, coping with guilt and anxiety, making sense of life, and finding values |
| Existential Therapy | applied to both individual and group counseling, couples, families, crisis intervention, community mental health work |
| Person-centered Therapy | wide applicability to individual and groups |
| Person-centered Therapy | well suited for initial phases of crisis intervention work |
| Person-centered Therapy | applied to couple, families, community programs, admin/mgmt, and human relations |
| Person-centered Therapy | useful approach for teaching, parent-child relations and working with diverse cultural groups |
| Gestalt Therapy | useful for crisis intervention, treatment of psychosomatic disorders, couples, families, awareness training of mental health professionals, behavior problems in children, individuals and groups |
| Gestalt Therapy | methods are powerful catalysts for opening up feelings and getting clients into contact with their present-centered experience |
| Adlerian Therapy | focuses on social interest, helping others, collectivism, pursuing meaning of life, importance of family, goal orientation, and belonging is congruent with values of many cultures |
| Adlerian Therapy | focus on person in the environment allows for cultural factors to be explored |
| Existential Therapy | focus is on understanding client’s phenomenological world, including cultural background |
| Existential Therapy | leads to empowerment in an oppressive society |
| Existential Therapy | can help clients examine their options for change within the context of their cultural realities |
| Existential Therapy | suited to counseling diverse clients due to philosophical foundation emphasizing the human condition |
| Person-centered Therapy | focus is on breaking cultural barriers and facilitating open dialogue among diverse cultural populations |
| Person-centered Therapy | main strengths are respect for clients’ values, active listening, welcoming of differences, nonjudgemental attitude, understanding, willingness to allow clients to determine what will be explored in sessions and prizing cultural plurism |
| Gestalt Therapy | focus on expressing oneself nonverbally is congruent with cultures that look beyond words for messages |
| Gestalt Therapy | provides many experiments in working with clients who have cultural injunctions against freely expressing feelings |
| Gestalt Therapy | can help to overcome language barrier with bilingual clients |
| Gestalt Therapy | focus on bodily expressions is subtle way to helps clients recognize conflicts |
| Adlerian Therapy | approach’s detailed interview about one’s family background can conflict with cultures that have injunctions against disclosing family matters |
| Adlerian Therapy | some clients view the counselor as an authority who will provide answers to problems, which conflicts with egalitarian, person-to-person spirit as a way to reduce social distance |
| Existential Therapy | values of individuality, freedom, autonomy and self-realization often conflict with cultural values of collectivism, respect for tradition, deference to authority, and interdependence |
| Existential Therapy | some multicultural clients may be deterred by the absence of specific techniques |
| Person-centered Therapy | some of the core values in this approach may not be congruent with the client’s culture |
| Person-centered Therapy | lack of counselor direction and structure are unacceptable for multicultural clients who are seeking help and immediate answers from a professional |
| Gestalt Therapy | clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved may no embrace this approach |
| Gestalt Therapy | some multicultural clients may not see how being aware of the present experience will lead to solving their problems |
| Adlerian Therapy | key contributions is the influence on other systems and the integration of these concepts into various contemporary therapies |
| Adlerian Therapy | one of the first approaches to therapy that was humanistic, unified, holistic, and goal-oriented that put an emphasis on social and psychological factors |
| Existential Therapy | major contribution is recognition of the need for subjective approach based on a complete view of the human condition |
| Existential Therapy | calls attention to the need for philosophical statement on what it means to be a person |
| Existential Therapy | stress on the I/Thou relationship lessens the chances of dehumanizing therapy |
| Existential Therapy | provides a perspective for understanding anxiety, guilt, freedom, death, isolation, and commitment |
| Person-centered Therapy | clients take an active stance and assume responsibility for the direction of therapy |
| Person-centered Therapy | unique approach has been subjected to empirical testing and as a result both theory and methods have been modified |
| Person-centered Therapy | an open system |
| Person-centered Therapy | people without advanced training can benefit by translating the therapeutic conditions to both their personal and professional lives |
| Person-centered Therapy | basic concepts are straightforward and easy to grasp and apply |
| Person-centered Therapy | foundation for building a trusting relationship, applicable to all therapies |
| Gestalt Therapy | emphasis of direct experiencing and doing rather than on merely talking about feelings provides a perspective on growth and enhancement, not merely a treatment of disorders |
| Gestalt Therapy | uses clients’ behavior as the basis for making them aware of their inner creative potential |
| Gestalt Therapy | approach to dreams is unique, creative tool to help clients discover basic conflicts |
| Gestalt Therapy | viewed as an existential encounter |
| Gestalt Therapy | process-oriented, not technique oriented |
| Gestalt Therapy | recognizes nonverbal behavior as a key to understanding |
| Adlerian Therapy | weak in terms of precision, testability, and empirical validity |
| Adlerian Therapy | few attempts have been made to validate the basic concepts by scientific methods |
| Adlerian Therapy | tends to oversimplify some complex human problems and is based heavily on common sense |
| Existential Therapy | many basic concepts are fuzzy and ill-defined, making its general framework abstract at times |
| Existential Therapy | lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices of therapy |
| Existential Therapy | has limited applicability to lower functioning and nonverbal clients and to clients in extreme crisis who need direction |
| Person-centered Therapy | possible danger from the therapist who remains passive and inactive, limiting responses to reflection |
| Person-centered Therapy | many clients feels a need for greater direction, more structure, and more techniques |
| Person-centered Therapy | clients in crisis may need more directive measures |
| Person-centered Therapy | applied to individual counseling, some cultural groups will expect more counselor activity |
| Gestalt Therapy | techniques lead to intense emotional expression; if these feeling are not explored and if cognitive work is not done, clients are likely to be left unfinished and will not have a sense of integration of their learning |
| Gestalt Therapy | clients who have difficulty using imagination may not profit from experiments |
| Adlerian Therapy | does tend to focus of the self which may be problematic for collectivistic members |
| Adlerian Therapy | some clients with pressing problems are hesitant to discuss other areas that they don’t see as being connected to their issue |
| Adlerian Therapy | Moved away from Freud’s deterministic point of view and towards social-psychological and teleological (goal-oriented) view of nature – nurture is more significant that nature |
| Adlerian Therapy | Where we are going is more important than where we came from |
| Adlerian Therapy | We create ourselves rather than merely being shaped by our childhood experiences |
| Adlerian Therapy | incorporates unity of personality – people can only be understood as integrated and complete beings |
| Adlerian Therapy | The individual begins to form an approach to life somewhere in the first 6 years of age |
| Adlerian Therapy | Humans are motivated primarily by social relatedness rather than by sexual urges |
| Adlerian Therapy | the conscious is the focus of therapy |
| Adlerian Therapy | Feelings of inferiority are normal and can be the wellspring of creativity, motivating us |
| Adlerian Therapy | the first systematic approach – important to understand people within the systems they live in |
| Adlerian Therapy | Dreams are a rehearsal of possible future courses of action |
| Adlerian Therapy | Encouragement is central to all phases of counseling and suited to brief time limited therapy |
| Adlerian Therapy | Very influential on other therapy systems and theories |
| Adlerian Therapy | understanding the whole person; holistic concept that we cannot be understood in parts |
| Adlerian Therapy | Experiences don’t define our personalities; the interpretation of experience does |
| Adlerian Therapy | Community feeling embodies the feeling of being connected to all of humanity – past, present and future – and to being involved in making the world a better place |
| Adlerian Therapy | We must master three universal life tasks: building friendships (social), establishing intimacy (love), and contributing to society (occupational) |
| Adlerian Therapy | Dreikurs and Mosak added getting along with ourselves (self-acceptance) and developing our spiritual dimension |
| Adlerian Therapy | holistic lifestyle assessment and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions |
| Adlerian Therapy | Develop the client’s sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors that match community interest |
| Adlerian Therapy | Client’s problem arise because the conclusions based on their private logic often do not conform to the requirements of social living |
| Adlerian Therapy | Purpose of therapy is to identify basic mistakes – learning how to correct faulty assumptions is central |
| Adlerian Therapy | Client relationship is egalitarian based on cooperation, mutual trust, respect, confidence and goal alignment |
| Person-centered therapy | Immediacy (addressing what is going on between client and therapist) is highly valued |
| Person-centered therapy | Cognitive behavioral tasks occur naturally using this approach |
| Person-centered therapy | High level of therapist self-development is not required |
| Person-centered therapy | Assessment is frequently viewed as a prerequisite to the treatment process |
| Person-centered therapy | Works with anxiety disorders, alcoholism, psychosomatic problems, agoraphobia, interpersonal difficulties, depression, cancer, and personality disorders |
| Person-centered therapy | Works well in crisis intervention (unwanted pregnancy, illness, disastrous event or loss of loved one) |
| Person-centered therapy | In groups, therapists should avoid making interpretative comments because it makes the group self-conscious and slows the process down |
| Person-centered therapy | goals are towards the client achieving a greater degree of independence and integration |
| Existential Theory | is a philosophical approach that influences a counselor’s therapeutic practice |
| Existential Theory | grounded on the assumption that we are free and responsible for our choices and actions |
| Existential Theory | rejects deterministic views |
| Existential Theory | we are not passive victims, we are the architects of our lives |
| Existential Theory | seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and the possibilities and opportunities of human life on the other hand. |
| Existential Therapy | Understanding the client’s subjective world |
| Existential Therapy | Invites clients to accept personal responsibility |
| Existential Therapy | If clients blame others, therapist is likely to ask them how they contributed to the situation |
| Existential Therapy | Assist clients to see the ways in which they constrict their awareness and the cost of such a restricted existence |
| Existential Therapy | Getting a stuck person moving again while getting them to take ownership of their lives |
| Existential Therapy | Core of client/therapist relationship is respect and the faith by the therapist in the client’s ability to cope authentically with their troubles and their ability to discover alternative ways of being |
| Existential therapy | when applied to brief therapy may work if beneficial outcomes are likely which may or may not occur depending on what needs to be resolved. |
| Existential Therapy | Fails to recognize social factors that cause human problems |
| Existential Therapy | Some clients see little hope that external realities of racism, discrimination, and oppression will change even if they change internally which leads them to experience a deep sense of frustration and feelings of powerlessness |
| Existential Therapy | Important to recognize survival issues |
| Existential Therapy | In many cultures it is not possible to talk about self and self-determination apart from the context of social network and environmental conditions |
| Existential Therapy | Client is responsible for the direction of therapy which may not be suitable for some clients |
| Existential Therapy | Lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices |
| Existential Therapy | Difficult to study and apply research |
| Existential Therapy | practitioners reject the idea that the process can be measured and evaluated in quantitative and empirical ways |
| Existential Therapy | hard to measure because it makes use of techniques from other theories |
| Existential Therapy | High level of maturity, life experience, and intensive training is required of practitioners |
| Existential Therapy | Goal is moving towards authenticity and learning to recognize when they are deceiving themselves |
| Existential Therapy | it is a very deep approach and can take a while |
| Existential Therapy | increased awareness is central role |
| Gestalt Therapy | existential, phenomenological, and process based |
| Gestalt Therapy | Understood in the context of the ongoing relationship with the environment |
| Gestalt Therapy | Initial goal is to gain awareness and change will occur |
| Gestalt Therapy | Focuses on here and now, the what and how, and the I/Thou of relating |
| Gestalt Therapy | Clients are expected to do their own seeing, feeling, sensing, and interpreting |
| Gestalt Therapy | Clients have the ability to self-regulate when they are aware of what is happening around them |
| Gestalt Therapy | Growth occurs out of genuine contact between client and therapist |
| Gestalt Therapy | Unification process of reowning parts of oneself that have been disowned proceed step by step until clients are strong enough to carry it on their own |
| Gestalt Therapy | The more we work at becoming who or what we are not, the more we remain the same –authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not |
| Relational Gestalt Therapy | stresses dialogue and relationship between client and therapist |
| Relational Gestalt Therapy | More support and increased kindness and compassion |
| Gestalt Therapy | works with culturally diverse populations if timed appropriately and used flexibly |
| Gestalt Therapy | cultural clients might benefit from integrating polarities within themselves. |
| Gestalt Therapy | Clear limitations with those clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved |
| Gestalt Therapy | Does not place a premium on the role of the therapist as teacher |
| Gestalt Therapy | Therapist must have a high level of personal development |
| Gestalt Therapy | Therapist need to possess sensitivity, timing, inventiveness, empathy and respect for client |
| Contemporary Gestalt Therapy | place less emphasis on resistance than early versions of because the terms are not congruent with the theory and practice |
| Gestalt Therapy | all about observing what is happening versus making things happen |
| Adlerian therapy | Stresses assuming responsibility, creating one’s own destiny, finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life |
| Existential, Person-Centered, and Gestalt Therapy | Experimental and Relationship-oriented therapies |
| Existential Therapy | Reacting against tendency to view therapy as system of well-defined techniques |
| Existential Therapy | Focuses on the quality of person-to-person therapeutic relationship |
| Existential Therapy | Stresses the divergent methods of understanding the subjective world of a person |
| Person-centered Therapy | Quality of the client-therapist relationship is prime determinant of therapeutic outcome |
| Person-centered Therapy | Developed as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis |
| Person-centered Therapy | assumes that clients have the capacity for self-direction without active therapist’s intervention or direction |
| Gestalt therapy | Therapists take an active role, yet follow the lead provided by clients |
| Person-Centered Therapy | Clients come to recognize that they have lost contact with themselves by using facades |
| Gestalt Therapy | The past will make regular appearances in the present moment, usually because of some lack of completion of that past experience |
| Gestalt Therapy | Important to pay attention to body language and to speaking habits and language patterns |
| Gestalt Therapy | Not focused on predetermined goals but attending to the basic goal of gaining greater awareness and with it, greater choice |
| Gestalt Therapy | Therapists share their personal experiences in relevant and appropriate ways; they do not manipulate clients |
| Gestalt Therapy | Confrontation is used at times but does not have to be viewed as a harsh attack; it can be done is ways that clients are invited to examine their behaviors, attitudes, and thoughts |
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