Ab Psych Exam 2
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| Neurosis | mild psychological disorders (anxiety)
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| Psychosis | severe psychological disorders (schizophrenia)
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| Anxiety | The vague sense of being in danger
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| Phobia | Experience a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.
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| Panic Disorder | recurrent attacks of terror
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| Clinical symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 1. Excessive worry/anxiety 2. Difficulty controlling worry 3. 3 or more symptoms
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| Symptoms of GAD | restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, insomnia, irritability, muscle tension
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything
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| Psychoanalytic perspective of GAD | leakage of unacceptable id impulses into conscious awareness; failure of defenses inadequate parent/child relationship
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| Humanistic perspective of GAD | result of people not accepting themselves for who they are; not authentic; lack of unconditional positive regard; conditions of worth
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| Cognitive perspective of GAD | faulty belief system
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| Albert Ellis | Basic irrational assumptions
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| Aaron Beck | Maladaptive Assumptions
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| Aaron Wells | Metacognitive Theory
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| Specific Phobia | persistent, irrational fear in presence of object. Exposure provokes immediate anxiety response, recognition that fear is excessive, avoidance, interferes with normal routine
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| Social Phobia | persistent fear of social or performance situation. Unfamiliar people,scrutiny/criticism, embarrassment, humiliation
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| Agoraphobia | anxiety in being in situation where there is no escape
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| Obsessive compulsive disorder | Anxiety disorder involving obsessions and compulsions
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| Psychodynamic Theory of Phobic Disorders | threatening impulses rising to consciousness mobilization of defenses - projection
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| Behavioral Theory of Phobic Disorders | learned response
a. Classical Conditioning – acquisition of fear
b. Modeling – acquisition of fear
c. Operant Conditioning – maintenance of fear
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| Biological Theory of Phobic Disorders | Preparedness – survival
1. genetic factors
2. predisposed by environment
Amygdala activated
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| Cognitive Theory of Phobic Disorders | oversensitive to threatening cues
overprediction of danger
self-defeating thoughts and irrational beliefs
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| Obsessions | recurring, intrusive thoughts that a person can't control: wishes, impulses, images, ideas, doubts
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| compulsions | repetitive, ritualistic behaviors that the person feels compelled to do: hand washing, checking, touching, counting, verbal phrases
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| Behavioral Theory of OCD | Operant conditioning
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| Cognitive Theory of OCD | Thoughts: someone who washes hands a lot thinks the world is a dirty place and they have to get rid of each and every germ.
perceive dangers/risks
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| Biological Theory of OCD | Neurotransmitters: Antidepressants- SSRIs (serotonin). Benzodiazepines- Xanax(GABA)
Abnormal functioning in parts of the brain. Limbick system.
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| Psychological stress disorders | Anxiety disorder, Axis 1.
PTSD
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| Psychophysiological stress disorders | Other disorders, Axis 1.
Psychological factors affecting Medical conditions
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| PTSD | prolonged, maladaptive reaction to a traumatic experience that involved the threat of death or serious injury. Characterized by:
a. re-experiencing the trauma
b. avoidance behavior
c. reduced responsiveness
d. increased arousal
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| DSM criteria PTSD | exposed to traumatic event in which both are present:death threat/serious injury, response of intense fear, helplessness, horror. Traumatic event is persistently re-experienced: dreams,flashbacks. Persistent avoidance behavior. Increased arousal
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| Acute Stress Disorder | same as PTSD except lasts less than 1 month
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| Panic Attack | periodic intense anxiety reaction/strong physical response
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| Free floating anxiety | Another term for GAD
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| Acute PTSD | less than 3 months
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| Chronic PTSD | 3 months or more
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| Delayed onset | symptoms occur 6 months after stressor.
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| Biological Perspective of PTSD | neurotransmitters, hormones: cortisol, norepinephrine.
Brain areas: hippocampus-repeated memory/thoughts. Amygdala- repeated emotions
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| Cognitive Perspective of PTSD | Maladaptive thoughts- looking for danger, die early. thinking life is going to be shortened or won't live a full life
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| Behavioral Perspective of PTSD | CC: Anxiety and fear
Operant conditioning: reinforcement & punishment. Avoiding anxiety.
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| Psychosocial Risk Factors for Psychological Stress Disorders | 1. Predisposed Personality
2. Early Childhood experiences
3. Social Support
4. Multicultural factors
5. Severity of the trauma
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| Psychophysiological Stress Disorders symptoms | a. Asthma
b. Ulcers
c. Insomnia
d. Chronic Headaches
e. Hypertension
f Coronary Heart Disease
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| Biological perspective in Psychophysiological Stress Disorders | defect in autonomic nervous system. too much norepinephrine and cortisol are bad for you. damages part of body
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| Psychological perspective in Psychophysiological Stress Disorders | a. emotions
b. coping style
1. Repressed coping style
c. Personality Style
1. Type A: angry, impatient, competitive, driven, ambitious
2. Type B: calm, relaxed, easy-going
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| Sociocultural Perspective in Psychophysiological Stress Disorders | 1. Risk Factors
a. poverty
b. crime
c. unemployment
d. poor health
e. minority status
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| 5 types of anxiety disorders | GAD, Phobic disorders, Panic disorders, OCD, PTSD
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| identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response in examples of anxiety disorders | Ex:
US: gun shots
UR: fear
CS: Fireworks/loud noises
CR: fear/anxiety
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| Type A Personality | angry, competitive, driven, impatient
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| Type B Peronality | relaxed, easy going
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| Panic attack symptoms | pounding heart or accelerated heart rate, Sweating,Trembling/shaking,shortness of breath, Feeling of choking,Chest pain/discomfort,Nausea, Feeling dizzy,Derealization,Fear of losing control; dying,numbness/tingling,Chills or hot flushes
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| Somatoform Disorders | physical symptoms that can’t be explained medically
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| Hysterical Somatoform Disorders | 1) Conversion Disorder
2) Somatization Disorder
3) Pain Disorder
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| Preoccupation Somatoform Disorders | (Called preoccupation because it preoccupies your time)
1) Hypochondriasis
2) Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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| Hypochondriasis | misinterpret and overreact to bodily symptoms or features no matter what friends, relatives, and physicians may say. Not delusional, causes distress/dysfunction. begins in early adulthood, may or may not recognize symptoms are excessive
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| Conversion Disorder | psychosocial need or conflict is converted into dramatic physical symptoms.Symptoms: affecting sensory function motor function/ no neurological cause, preceded by stress,not intentionally produced,Can't be medically explained, cause distress
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| Features of Conversion disorder | Twice as often in women than men
b. Begin in late childhood/ young adulthood
c. Usually appear suddenly in times of stress
d. Patients are considered suggestible, easily hypnotic.
e. Belle Indifference
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| Belle Indifference | Ex. could care less if they were to wake up blind one morning.
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| Malingering | purposeful lying for gain
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| Factitious Disorder | creating/ faking symptoms for no gain
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| Munchausen Syndrome | Intentionally making yourself sick
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| Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome | A form of child abuse where the mothers cause abuse to child and the doctors can't figure out what is wrong. They get a lot of attention.
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| Body Dysmorphic Disorder | excessive worry that some aspect of one’s physical appearance is defective. may lead to social isolation. equally common in men/women. causes distress/dysfunction. preoccupation with physical defect(big ears).may be assoc. with OCD,depression,socialphobia
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| Pain Disorder | pain that is psychologically induced as a result of stressful events.
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| Pain disorder DSM | a. significant pain
b. distress/ dysfunction
c. psychological factors associated with onset, severity, exacerbation or maintenance
d. not intentionally produced
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| Pain disorder subtypes | i. associated with psychological factors
ii. associated with both psychological and medical factors
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| Somatization Disorder | recurring, multiple, clinically significant medical complaints without any biological basis.
Patients are bothered by the symptoms, anxious or depressed, Disorder is chronic, more often women.
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| Psychodynamic Theory of a Somatization Disorder | a. Unresolved Electra Complex
b. primary gain - keep conflict repressed
c. secondary gain – avoid responsibilities
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| Behavioral Theory of a Somatization Disorder | a. modeling
b. operant conditioning
c. secondary gain
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| Cognitive Theory of a Somatization Disorder | distorted thinking
a. misinterpretation of symptoms
b. symptoms are a way of communicating
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| Biological Perspective of a Somatization Disorder | a. Genetic
b. Neurotransmitters – serotonin
c. Placebo effect
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| Sociocultural Perspective | a. influenced by culture
b. somatic complaints more common in non-Western cultures
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| Dissociative Disorders | disorder characterized by dissociation of the functions of the self (memory, identity, consciousness) with no physical cause
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| 4 types of Dissociative Disorders | 1) Dissociative Amnesia
2) Dissociative Fugue
3) Depersonalization Disorder
4) Dissociative Identity Disorder
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| Dissociative Amnesia | memory loss for no apparent physiological reason. a) Inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. Causes distress/function
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| Features of Dissociative Amnesia | a) Revealed in retrospect
b) Reversible
c) Usually doesn’t happen immediately
d) Sometimes can be acute
e) Associated with stress, trauma
f) Recall most often occurs suddenly, spontaneously
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| Localized Amnesia | all events during a specific time period are forgotten
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| Selective Amnesia | only disturbing events of a specific time period are forgotten
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| Generalized Amnesia | all aspects of a person’s life is forgotten
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| Continuous Amnesia | all events from a specific time to the present are forgotten
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| Systematized Amnesia | specific categories of information is forgotten
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| Dissociative Fugue | person travels away from home, flees from his/her life situation, assumes a new identity, and has amnesia for personal material. Sudden, unexpected travel; no recall of past life. assumption of new identity
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| Features of Dissociative Fugue | a) Usually only lasts a few days
b) Occurs during periods of stress
c) Person’s personality often changes from passive to outgoing.
d) Can sometimes last years
e) Usually spontaneous recovery
f) Rare
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| Depersonalization Disorder | temporary feelings of detachment or estrangement from oneself (robot, dream, outside observer)
a) Feeling of detachment of mental processes or body
b) Reality is intact
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| Features of Depersonalization disorder | a) Derealization – sense of unreality about the external world.
b) Adequate reality testing (not psychotic)
c) Memories are intact
d) Very common symptom, not common diagnosis
e) Comes on during periods of stress
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| Derealization | sense of unreality about the external world.
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| Dissociative Identity Disorder | two or more distinct personalities. Identities repeatedly take control of person’s behavior
Extensive lack of recall for personal information. mostly assoc. w/abuse.
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| Primary identity | the host body of a person with dissociative identity disorder
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| Alternate identities | subpersonailities
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| Switching | transitioning between identities
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| Psychodynamic Theory of Dissociative Identity Disorder | a. Repression
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| Learning Theory of Dissociative Identity Disorder | a. Negative reinforcement
b. Observational learning
c. State-dependent learning
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| Cognitive theory of Dissociative Identity Disorder | self-hypnosis
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| Biological perspective of Dissociative Identity Disorder | structural differences in brain
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| Diathesis Stress model for Dissociative Identity Disorder | Biological predisposition and stress
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| Basic Irrational Thoughts | Ellis, for example, proposed that many people are guided by irrational beliefs that lead them to act and react in inappropriate ways
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| Isolation | simply disown their unwanted thoughts and experi-ence them as foreign intrusions.
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| Undoing | perform acts that are meant to cancel out their undesirable impulses. Those who wash their hands repeatedly, for example, may be symbolically undoing their unacceptable id impulses.
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| Reaction Formation | take on a lifestyle that directly opposes their unaccept-able impulses. A person may live a life of compulsive kindness and devotion to others in order to counter unacceptable aggressive impulses.
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| Anxiety Sensitivity | A tendency to focus on one’s bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful.
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| Borkovec | The Avoidance Theory: people with generalized anxiety disorder worry repeatedly in order to reduce or avoid uncomfortable states of bodily arousal.
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| Intolerance of Uncertainty Theory | individuals believe that any possibility of a negative event occurring, no matter how slim, means that the event is likely to occur.
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| Metacognitive Theory | people with GAD implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying. On the positive side, they believe worrying is a useful way of coping with threats in life. And so they look for and examine all possible signs of danger— worry constantly
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| Avoidance theory | people with generalized anxiety disorder worry repeatedly in order to reduce or avoid uncomfortable states of bodily arousal.
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| Primary Gain | when their hysterical symptoms keep their internal conflicts out of awareness. Ex. a man who has underlying fears about expressing anger may develop a conversion paralysis of the arm, thus preventing his feelings of rage from reaching consciousness.
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| Secondary Gain | hysterical symptoms further enable them to avoid unpleasant activities or to receive sympathy from others. Ex. a conversion paralysis allows a soldier to avoid combat duty or conversion blindness prevents the breakup of a relationship
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| Iatrogenic | believe that therapists create this disorder by subtly suggesting the exis-tence of other personalities during therapy or by explicitly asking a pa-tient to produce different personalities while under hypnosis.
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| Mutually amnesic relationship | the personalities do not realize there is another personality
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| Mutually cognizant relationship | the personalities are fully aware of the other personalities
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| one-way amnesic relationship | some subpersonalities are aware of others, but the awareness is not mutual.
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| Name 4 types of dissociative disorders | Dissociative Identity disorder, Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Depersonalization disorder
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| Name 5 types of somatoform disorders | conversion, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, somatization disorder, pain disorder
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| 2 types of Preoccupationa somatoform disorders | hypochondrias and body dysmorphic disorder
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| 3 types of hysterical somatoform disorders | conversion disorder, somatization disorder, pain disorder
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