abpsych 5
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| Personality stability | rank order, mean level, and personality coherence
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| Rank order stability | the maintenance of individual position within a group
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| High rank order stability | ppl maintain their position of dominance and extraversion relative to the other members of group
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| Mean level stability | constancy of level
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| Mean level change | ppl tend as a group to get increasingly conservative as they get older
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| Manifestations of traits | complex form of personality development
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| Personality coherence | maintaining rank order in relation to other individuals but changing the manifestations of the trait
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| Personality coherence | doesn’t require the precise behavioral manifestations of a trait to remain the same
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| Personality coherence | continuity in the underlying trait but change in the outward manifestations of that trait
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| Personalty change | changes are internal & changes are relatively enduring over time
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| 3 levels of analysis | population as a whole, group differences within the population, and individual differences within groups
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| Population as a whole | deals with the changes and constancies that apply more or less to everyone
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| There is a ____ in impulsive or risk-taking behavior as ppl age | decrease
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| Change in impulsivity level with age | population level of personality change
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| Group differences level | some changes over time affect different groups of ppl differently
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| Analogous sex differences | group differences level of personality analysis
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| Cultural or ethnic differences | group differences level
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| Which individuals will go through a midlife crisis | individual differences level
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| Temperament | the individual differences that emerge very early in life
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| Temperament | likely to have a heritable basis
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| Temperament | often involved with emotionality and arousability
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| Activity level | infant’s overall motor activity, including arm and leg movements
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| Fear | infant’s distress and reluctance to approach novel stimuli
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| Distress to limitations | child’s distress at being refused food, being dressed, being prevented access to desired object, being confined
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| Soothability | degree to which the child reduces stress or calms down as a result of being soothed
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| Duration of orienting | the degree to which the child sustains attention to objects in the absence of sudden changes
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| Show higher levels of stability over time for children | activity level and smiling and laughing
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| Personality traits tend to become | more stable towards the end of infancy (9-12 months)
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| Stability of temperament tends to be | higher over short intervals of time than over long intervals
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| Stability coefficients | test-retest reliability coefficients
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| Stability coefficients | correlations between the same measure obtained at 2 different points in time
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| Validity coefficients | correlations between different measures of the same trait obtained at the same time
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| Actometer-based measurements and judge-based measurements | have significant positive validity coefficients
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| Activity level shows | moderate stability during childhood
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| Size of correlations | tend to decrease as the time interval between the different testings increases
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| Longer the time between testings | the lower the stability coefficient
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| Individuals retain their rank order of | aggression over time
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| Big five | show moderate to high levels of rank order and individual stability through adulthood
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| Self-esteem | high levels of continuity over time
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| Personality consistency tends to | increase with increasing age
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| Personality consistency peaks at age | 50
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| 5-factor model of stability | shows fairly consistent mean level stability over time
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| Tendency for ____ to gradually decline with age until around 50 yrs | openness, extraversion, and neuroticism
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| Show an increase over time | conscientiousness and agreeableness
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| Most consistent change with age | ppl score lower on neuroticism or negative affect
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| Increases from middle adulthood to older age | emotional stability
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| _____ of personality change show moderate correspondence with ___ personality change | perceptions, actual
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| Big five personality dispositions may be changeable through | therapy
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| Men’s self-esteem tends to ____ with age | increase
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| Women’s self-esteem tends to_____ with age | decrease
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| Men and women experience differences in self-esteem | personality change at the group level
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| Studies on sensation seeking | ppl become more cautious and conservative with age
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| Trait of sensation seeking is described | mostly from the biological point of view
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| Sensation seeking peaks at | ages 18 to 20
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| Drop in femininity | from 40’s to 50’s
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| Men tend to | decline in psychological flexibility and to become less ambitious with time
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| Both men and women become more | competent and independent with age
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| Cohort effects | the social times in which they lived
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| Women’s scores of assertiveness | rose and fell depending on the cohort the women were raised in
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| Personality coherence | predictable changes in the manifestations or outcomes of personality factors over time
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| Predictors of marital dissatisfaction and divorce | neuroticism in husband and wife, low impulse control in husband
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| Strongest predictors of divorce | neuroticism
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| High on neuroticism | drug addiction
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| High in sensation seeking and impulsivity, low in conscientiousness and agreeableness | drug addiction
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| Best predictor for academic performance | conscientiousness
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| Impulsivity | academic achievement and work performance
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| Living a long life | high conscientiousness, extraversion, and low levels of hostility
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