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abpsych 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personality stability | rank order, mean level, and personality coherence |
| Rank order stability | the maintenance of individual position within a group |
| High rank order stability | ppl maintain their position of dominance and extraversion relative to the other members of group |
| Mean level stability | constancy of level |
| Mean level change | ppl tend as a group to get increasingly conservative as they get older |
| Manifestations of traits | complex form of personality development |
| Personality coherence | maintaining rank order in relation to other individuals but changing the manifestations of the trait |
| Personality coherence | doesn’t require the precise behavioral manifestations of a trait to remain the same |
| Personality coherence | continuity in the underlying trait but change in the outward manifestations of that trait |
| Personalty change | changes are internal & changes are relatively enduring over time |
| 3 levels of analysis | population as a whole, group differences within the population, and individual differences within groups |
| Population as a whole | deals with the changes and constancies that apply more or less to everyone |
| There is a ____ in impulsive or risk-taking behavior as ppl age | decrease |
| Change in impulsivity level with age | population level of personality change |
| Group differences level | some changes over time affect different groups of ppl differently |
| Analogous sex differences | group differences level of personality analysis |
| Cultural or ethnic differences | group differences level |
| Which individuals will go through a midlife crisis | individual differences level |
| Temperament | the individual differences that emerge very early in life |
| Temperament | likely to have a heritable basis |
| Temperament | often involved with emotionality and arousability |
| Activity level | infant’s overall motor activity, including arm and leg movements |
| Fear | infant’s distress and reluctance to approach novel stimuli |
| Distress to limitations | child’s distress at being refused food, being dressed, being prevented access to desired object, being confined |
| Soothability | degree to which the child reduces stress or calms down as a result of being soothed |
| Duration of orienting | the degree to which the child sustains attention to objects in the absence of sudden changes |
| Show higher levels of stability over time for children | activity level and smiling and laughing |
| Personality traits tend to become | more stable towards the end of infancy (9-12 months) |
| Stability of temperament tends to be | higher over short intervals of time than over long intervals |
| Stability coefficients | test-retest reliability coefficients |
| Stability coefficients | correlations between the same measure obtained at 2 different points in time |
| Validity coefficients | correlations between different measures of the same trait obtained at the same time |
| Actometer-based measurements and judge-based measurements | have significant positive validity coefficients |
| Activity level shows | moderate stability during childhood |
| Size of correlations | tend to decrease as the time interval between the different testings increases |
| Longer the time between testings | the lower the stability coefficient |
| Individuals retain their rank order of | aggression over time |
| Big five | show moderate to high levels of rank order and individual stability through adulthood |
| Self-esteem | high levels of continuity over time |
| Personality consistency tends to | increase with increasing age |
| Personality consistency peaks at age | 50 |
| 5-factor model of stability | shows fairly consistent mean level stability over time |
| Tendency for ____ to gradually decline with age until around 50 yrs | openness, extraversion, and neuroticism |
| Show an increase over time | conscientiousness and agreeableness |
| Most consistent change with age | ppl score lower on neuroticism or negative affect |
| Increases from middle adulthood to older age | emotional stability |
| _____ of personality change show moderate correspondence with ___ personality change | perceptions, actual |
| Big five personality dispositions may be changeable through | therapy |
| Men’s self-esteem tends to ____ with age | increase |
| Women’s self-esteem tends to_____ with age | decrease |
| Men and women experience differences in self-esteem | personality change at the group level |
| Studies on sensation seeking | ppl become more cautious and conservative with age |
| Trait of sensation seeking is described | mostly from the biological point of view |
| Sensation seeking peaks at | ages 18 to 20 |
| Drop in femininity | from 40’s to 50’s |
| Men tend to | decline in psychological flexibility and to become less ambitious with time |
| Both men and women become more | competent and independent with age |
| Cohort effects | the social times in which they lived |
| Women’s scores of assertiveness | rose and fell depending on the cohort the women were raised in |
| Personality coherence | predictable changes in the manifestations or outcomes of personality factors over time |
| Predictors of marital dissatisfaction and divorce | neuroticism in husband and wife, low impulse control in husband |
| Strongest predictors of divorce | neuroticism |
| High on neuroticism | drug addiction |
| High in sensation seeking and impulsivity, low in conscientiousness and agreeableness | drug addiction |
| Best predictor for academic performance | conscientiousness |
| Impulsivity | academic achievement and work performance |
| Living a long life | high conscientiousness, extraversion, and low levels of hostility |
Created by:
alxt