bloodflow, heart
Help!
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| Name the chambers of the heart | right & left ventricles; rt & lt atria
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| which chamber has very thin myocardium? | atria
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| what divides the atria? | interatrial septum
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| Where is fossa ovalis found? | right atrium
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| Structures which slightly increase blood volume of atria | auricles
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| pumps blood to lungs and body | ventricles
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| blood flow pathway | deoxygenated blood enters via veins to RT ATRIUM; rt A to RT VENTRICLE; rt V via arteries to LUNGS; gets oxygenated; from Lungs use veins to LT ATRIUM; lt A to LT VENTRICLE to body
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| pacemaker cells do what? | generate action potential over & over in rhythmical pattern;
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| The _______ side of your heart moves blood through about ______ miles of blood vessels. | left; 60,000
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| The heart beats about ___________ times per day | 100,000
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| What is a P wave? | small upward deflection in electrocardiogram
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| What is a purkinje fiber? | specialized myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion
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| everything associated with one heartbeat is considered | the cardiac cycle
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| when atria are in systole ____________ are _______________. | ventricles are in diastole
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| contraction phase | systole
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| What is diastole? | relaxation phase
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| What is an irregular heart rhythm called? | arrhythmia
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| types of arrhythmia | atrial flutter, atrial fibrilation, ventricular fibrilation
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| which type of arrythmia is dangerous? why? | Ventricular fibrilation. No oxygen is being moved. If ventricular ejection ceases, circulatory failure and death occur
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| what are the phases of the cardiac cycle | atria contract while ventricles relax; ventricles contract while atria relax. systole=contract; diastole=relax
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| What is cardiac output? | the amount of blood left ventricle can pump into aorta
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| What determines the cardiac output? | stroke volume and heart rate CO= SV x HR
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| when stroke volume increases, cardiac output ________________ | increases
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| Stroke volume regulation is influenced by 3 variables - | Frank starling law of the heart; forcefullness of fibers; and pressure
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| The stretching of the heart chamber - the more you stretch the heart, the more forcefully it will contract. rubber band effect. | The Frank Starling law of the heart; influencing SV
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| Heart Rate is regulated by _______ | Autonomic Nervous System
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| regulation of the heart originates in | the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata
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| There are two nerves associated with heart rate - | vagus and cardiac accelerator nerves.
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| What does SA node stand for? | sinoatrial node ; associated with heart rate
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| hemoglobin carries _________ | oxygen
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| It is not uncommon for athletes to have this. Why does this happen? | bradycardia - resting heartbeat under 60 beats per minute; because of increase of capillary networks
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| The most active skeletal muscle in the body | tongue
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| the left side of your heart is responsible for | systemic circulation
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| Right side of heart is for | pulmonary circulation-> going to and from lungs
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| the muscle wall of the heart is called | myocardium
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| the right ventricle pumps to | the lungs
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| The circulation of the heart in general is called | coronary circulation
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| deoxygenated blood enters the heart via ___________ or _______ | the superior vena cava or the inferior vena cava
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| The nervous system of the heart aka | the conduction system of the heart - getting from point a to point b
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| The 2 functions of the pacemaker cells | to generate action potentials; to take action potential & send it (conduct it) out to rest of heart (conduct is out to muscle fibers)
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| first action potential in conduction occurs | in the sinoatrial node or SA Node
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| once first action potential fires in the SA Node | both atria contract at the same time
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| action potential will then be handed off from SA Node to the | Atrioventricular Node or AV Node
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| The event that occurs in the atrioventricular node is | the slowing down of the action potential so the atria can finish contraction and empty their blood into the ventricles
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| the AV Node hands action potential off to the | Atrioventricular Bundle or AV Bundle
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| old name for AV bundle | Bundle of His
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| The is the site where the action potential is being handed | from atria to ventricles
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| from the AV bundle, | the bundle splits and goes into a rt bundle branch that heads to rt ventricle and a left bundle branch that heads to lt ventricle - called rt and lt bundle branches
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| Bundle branches descend to | apex of the heart
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| once action potential gets to the apex (bottom) of the heart | The bundle branches break into tiny small fibers called purkinje fibers
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| the purkinje fibers take action potential | from bottom of ventricles and spread it up over the ventricles encasing all of that myocardium.
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| as soon as action potential hits the purkinje fibers | the ventricles contract
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| The contraction of the ventricles | pushes blood into the major vessels
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| The major events of the conduction system are | the contraction of the atria and the contraction of the ventricles
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| The contraction of the atria occurs | after the SA Node fires
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| the contraction of the ventricles occur | when action potential reaches the purkinje fibers
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| How do the sinoatrial node and brain work together | Brain is hooked to SA Node to slow down heart when sleeping
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| The pacemaker of the heart | SA Node
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| what happens is SA node fails | The av node takes over, but is slower
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| What happens is AV node fails | The av bundle takes over, but too slow and brain damage begins to occur
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| Name the electrocardiogram waves | p wave, QRS complex, t wave
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| which wave represents atrial depolarization | p wave
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| as p wave is depolarized, what happens? | the atria contract
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| Why can't we see Atrial repolarization on an EKG? | The atria are relaxing (repolarizing) at the same time the ventricles are depolarizing (or contracting) thus the ventricular activity masks the atrial repolarization on the EKG
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| what can cause arrhythmia to occur? | nicotine (stim), alcohol (dep), anxiety (triggers sympathetic nervous system and increate HR)
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| Fibra refers to | muscle fibers
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| individual muscle fibers contracting at different times | fibrillation
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| Cardiovascular center is in | medulla oblongata in mesoncephalon
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| two major nerves come out of Cardiovasular center | cardiac accelerator in sympathetic nervous system-2 motor neuron efferent pathway where postganglionic neuron uses norepinephrine to speed up HR.AND VAGUS nerve, also a 2 motor neuron efferent pathway but post ganglionic neuron uses ach to slow
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| Calcium does what to HR | increases, therefore increases cardiac output
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| potassium does what to MAP? | decreases it- decreased HR= decreased SV=Decreased CO= decreased MAP
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| veins of abdominal organs, places where blood can be diverted quicly to other parts of the body are called | blood reservoirs
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| blood vessels | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules
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| arterioles have three layers | endothelium, smooth muscle (controlled by autonomic nervous system), connective tissue. all three layers surround a hollow space called a lumen
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| hollow space in a blood vessel | lumen
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| vasoconstriction does what to blood pressure? | increases it
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| increase in lumen diameter | vasodilation - and it decreases blood pressure
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| what is the site for nutrient and waste exchange? | capillaries
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| the less active the tissue the less ________ you have | capillaries
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| capillaries connect arterioles to | venules
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| arterioles bring oxygen nutrient rich blood into the __________. | Tissue
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| The tissue will remove the oxygen and nutrients and will replace it with ___________ and _____________ | waste and CO2 turning blood from red to blue
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| blue deoxygenated blood will leave the capillary bed and enter into the __________ | venule and travel back to the heart to be oxygenated
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| two methods of capillary exchange | diffusion (high concentration to low concentration) and bulk flow (hi pressure to low pressure)
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| veins and venules have ___________. main difference between vein/veinules and arteries | valves
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| when a vein loses elasticity it creates _____ | varicose veins
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| what is the biggest antagonist of circulatory system below the heart? | gravity
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| what is Hg? what is it for? | mercury how we measure pressure
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| What is the pressure in the Right Ventricle | lowest in entire body at 0mmHg
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| What is the pressure in the left ventricle? | highest in entire body at 80-100mmHg
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| Blood pressure is measured in ____ of ___ | mm of Mercury
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| blood pressure is highest in _______ | the aorta
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| MAP stands for what? | mean arterial pressure (specific name for blood pressure)
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| MAP is the outcome of 2 products _____ | CO x total peripheral resistance (TPR) MAP=CO x TPR
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| What is TPR? | a measure of vascular resistance; the cells in your blood rub up against your blood vessel walls and create friction-> that is vascular resistance
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| What can affect TPR? | size of the lumen (smaller the lumen= greater the resistance=increased TPR), blood viscosity (how many red blood cells you have. Increase in blood cells=^in friction=^in TPR=^in MAP; total blood vessel length
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| if you change your blood volume, it changes your blood pressure because of | Frank Starling law of the heart
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| An increase in blood volume is going to increase ____________ | stroke volume (because if you have more blood you can force more blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. if you increase SV you increase cardiac output = ^ in map
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| if cardiac output doubles and total peripheral resistance goes down by 50%, what is the net change in MAP? | 0-no change If cardiac output doubled and there was no homeostatic system to respond and lower TPR then you would die
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| if you have increase movement, you'll need increased _________ _________ | blood flow
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| All gases will move from ___________ to _______________. | where their partial pressure is high to where their partial pressure is low
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| Air is a mixture of gases, each gas has its own __________ ___________ to add up to the total atmospheric pressure | partial pressure
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| ______________ keeps the partial pressure of oxygen low | hemoglobin
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| What is hemoglobin? | the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (
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| Gas will only move if _______________. | its partial pressure is low
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| Internal respiration takes place in | the capillaries and tissues
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| External respiration takes place in | the lungs
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| one hemoglobin molecule can hold ______ molecules of Oxygen | 4
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| What uses ___________ and produces _____________. | oxygen from the blood; CO2
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| The concentration of __________ is greater in the mitochondria so it ___________________ | CO2; moves to a lower concentration into the blood
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| What regulates acidity in the body? | Bicarbonate
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| Bicarbonate ion are a means of ___ transport. | CO2
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| what is the difference in PO2 in the lungs vs. the blood? the tissues? | In the lungs and blood it is the same,; in the tissues, it is lower.
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| Which hormone affects heart rate as well as stroke volume? | norepinephrine.
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| Which hormones decrease blood pressure? | atrial naturetic peptide
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| Which hormones increase blood pressure? | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (pathway), epi & norepi, antidiuretic hormone
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| In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, what does the liver secrete? | angiotensin I is secreted onto the lungs
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| When muscle fibers of the atrium quiver individually instead of together canceling out the pumping of the atrium | atrial fibrillation
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| Which is the most dangerous arrhythmia? | ventricular fibrillation - no O2 is being moved
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| How does sodium affect Mean Arterial Pressure? | sodium increase water intake=^BV=^SV = ^CO= ^MAP
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| Angiotensin II does what? | increases vasoconstriction decreased lumen = ^resistance= ^TPR=^MAP
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| Angiotensin I comes from where? | the blood
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| the kidneys use ___________ to monitor your blood pressure. Their job is to _____. | baroreceptors; filter your blood
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